Romans

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Commentary | Interlinear | English

Romans 1

(1) παυλοϲ:Paul δουλοϲ:slave χριϲτου:of‑Christ ιηϲου:of‑Jesus κλητοϲ:called αποϲτολοϲ:apostle αφωριϲμενοϲ:having‑been‑set‑apart ειϲ:for ευαγγελιον:glad‑tidings θεου:of‑God (2) ο:which προεπηγγειλατο:He‑promised‑beforehand δια:through των:the προφητων:prophets αυτου:of‑Him εν:in γραφαιϲ:scriptures αγιαιϲ:holy (3) περι:concerning του:the υιου:son αυτου:of‑Him του:the‑one γενομενου:having‑come‑to‑be εκ:from ϲπερματοϲ:seed δαυιδ:of‑David κατα:according‑to ϲαρκα:flesh (4) του:the‑one οριϲθεντοϲ:having‑been‑marked‑out υιου:son θεου:of‑God εν:in δυναμει:power κατα:according‑to πνευμα:spirit αγιωϲυνηϲ:of‑holiness εξ:from αναϲταϲεωϲ:resurrection νεκρων:of‑dead ιηϲου:of‑Jesus χριϲτου:of‑Christ του:the κυριου:lord ημων:of‑us (5) δι:through ου:whom ελαβομεν:we‑received χαριν:grace και:and αποϲτολην:apostleship ειϲ:for υπακοην:obedience πιϲτεωϲ:of‑faith εν:among παϲιν:all τοιϲ:the εθνεϲιν:nations υπερ:on‑behalf‑of του:the ονοματοϲ:name αυτου:of‑him (6) εν:among οιϲ:whom εϲτε:are και:also υμειϲ:you κλητοι:called ιηϲου:of‑Jesus χριϲτου:of‑Christ (7) παϲιν:to‑all τοιϲ:to‑the‑ones ουϲιν:being εν:in ρωμη:Rome αγαπητοιϲ:beloved θεου:of‑God κλητοιϲ:called αγιοιϲ:holy‑ones χαριϲ:grace υμιν:to‑you και:and ειρηνη:peace απο:from θεου:God πατροϲ:Father ημων:of‑us και:and κυριου:lord ιηϲου:of‑Jesus χριϲτου:of‑Christ

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
1:1 ευαγγελιον:glad‑tidings [glad-tidings] – the book-wide rendering of the royal announcement: the good news of what God has done through his son, carrying the herald’s gravity.
1:4 οριϲθεντοϲ:having‑been‑marked‑out [having-been-marked-out] – the resurrection marked out and installed the son of God in power; the verb names the appointment of the Davidic heir to his full authority.
1:4 πνευμα:spirit αγιωϲυνηϲ:of‑holiness [spirit of-holiness] – lowercased, consistent with the book-wide convention of rendering the spirit as God’s empowering presence, the sphere of the son’s installation in power.
1:5 υπακοην:obedience πιϲτεωϲ:of‑faith [obedience of-faith] – the letter’s opening statement of allegiance: the obedience that consists in faith, summoned among all nations and echoed in the closing doxology (16:26).

(8) πρωτον:first μεν:indeed ευχαριϲτω:I‑give‑thanks τω:to‑the θεω:God μου:of‑me δια:through ιηϲου:Jesus χριϲτου:Christ περι:concerning παντων:all υμων:of‑you οτι:because η:the πιϲτιϲ:faith υμων:of‑you καταγγελλεται:is‑proclaimed εν:in ολω:whole τω:the κοϲμω:world (9) μαρτυϲ:witness γαρ:for μου:of‑me εϲτιν:is ο:the θεοϲ:God ω:whom λατρευω:I‑render‑cultic‑service εν:in τω:the πνευματι:spirit μου:of‑me εν:in τω:the ευαγγελιω:glad‑tidings του:of‑the υιου:son αυτου:of‑Him ωϲ:how αδιαλειπτωϲ:unceasingly μνειαν:remembrance υμων:of‑you ποιουμαι:I‑make (10) παντοτε:always επι:upon των:the προϲευχων:prayers μου:of‑me δεομενοϲ:begging ει:if πωϲ:perhaps ηδη:already ποτε:at‑last ευοδωθηϲομαι:I‑will‑be‑prospered εν:in τω:the θεληματι:will του:of‑the θεου:God ελθειν:to‑come προϲ:to υμαϲ:you (11) επιποθω:I‑long γαρ:for ιδειν:to‑see υμαϲ:you ινα:in‑order‑that τι:some μεταδω:I‑may‑share χαριϲμα:gift‑of‑grace υμιν:to‑you πνευματικον:spiritual ειϲ:for το:the ϲτηριχθηναι:to‑be‑strengthened υμαϲ:you (12) τουτο:this δε:but εϲτιν:is ϲυμπαρακληθηναι:to‑be‑co‑encouraged εν:among υμιν:you δια:through τηϲ:the εν:among αλληλοιϲ:one‑another πιϲτεωϲ:faith υμων:of‑you τε:both και:and εμου:of‑me (13) ου:not θελω:I‑wish δε:but υμαϲ:you αγνοειν:to‑be‑ignorant αδελφοι:brothers οτι:that πολλακιϲ:often προεθεμην:I‑set‑before‑myself ελθειν:to‑come προϲ:to υμαϲ:you και:and εκωλυθην:I‑was‑hindered αχρι:until του:the δευρο:now ινα:in‑order‑that τινα:some καρπον:fruit ϲχω:I‑may‑have και:also εν:among υμιν:you καθωϲ:just‑as και:also εν:among τοιϲ:the λοιποιϲ:rest εθνεϲιν:nations (14) ελληϲιν:to‑Greeks τε:both και:and βαρβαροιϲ:to‑barbarians ϲοφοιϲ:to‑wise τε:both και:and ανοητοιϲ:to‑foolish οφειλετηϲ:debtor ειμι:I‑am (15) ουτωϲ:thus το:the κατ:according‑to εμε:me προθυμον:eager και:also υμιν:to‑you τοιϲ:the‑ones εν:in ρωμη:Rome ευαγγελιϲαϲθαι:to‑proclaim‑glad‑tidings

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
1:9 ευαγγελιω:glad‑tidings [glad-tidings] – Paul names the message he serves as glad-tidings, the royal announcement of God’s saving action; the gloss carries the herald’s gravity of the first-century proclamation.
1:9 λατρευω:I‑render‑cultic‑service [I-render-cultic-service] – Paul describes his service of God with the cultic verb of the sanctuary; the gloss keeps this worship-language concrete and first-century.
1:11 χαριϲμα:gift‑of‑grace [gift-of-grace] – the word belongs to the language of divine benefaction; the spiritual gift is a concrete expression of God’s grace for the strengthening of the assembly.

(16) ου:not γαρ:for επαιϲχυνομαι:I‑am‑ashamed‑of το:the ευαγγελιον:glad‑tidings δυναμιϲ:power γαρ:for θεου:of‑God εϲτιν:is ειϲ:for ϲωτηριαν:salvation παντι:to‑every τω:the‑one πιϲτευοντι:believing ιουδαιω:to‑Jew τε:both πρωτον:first και:and ελληνι:to‑Greek (17) δικαιοϲυνη:righteousness γαρ:for θεου:of‑God εν:in αυτω:it αποκαλυπτεται:is‑revealed εκ:from πιϲτεωϲ:faith ειϲ:into πιϲτιν:faith καθωϲ:just‑as γεγραπται:it‑has‑been‑written ο:the δε:but δικαιοϲ:righteous εκ:from πιϲτεωϲ:faith ζηϲεται:will‑live

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
1:16 ευαγγελιον:glad‑tidings [glad-tidings] – the royal announcement of God’s saving power; the gloss keeps the heraldic weight of the term.
1:17 δικαιοϲυνη:righteousness θεου:of‑God [righteousness of-God] – God’s covenant-saving justice, revealed in the glad-tidings from beginning to end; the gloss keeps this saving faithfulness in view.
1:17 εκ:from πιϲτεωϲ:faith ειϲ:into πιϲτιν:faith [from faith into faith] – the allegiance-word runs through the whole revelation: the righteous live by faith, the active loyalty that answers God’s saving faithfulness.

(18) αποκαλυπτεται:is‑revealed γαρ:for οργη:wrath θεου:of‑God απ:from ουρανου:heaven επι:upon παϲαν:all αϲεβειαν:ungodliness και:and αδικιαν:unrighteousness ανθρωπων:of‑men των:the‑ones την:the αληθειαν:truth εν:in αδικια:unrighteousness κατεχοντων:holding‑down (19) διοτι:because το:the γνωϲτον:known του:of‑the θεου:God φανερον:manifest εϲτιν:is εν:among αυτοιϲ:them ο:the θεοϲ:God γαρ:for αυτοιϲ:to‑them εφανερωϲεν:made‑manifest (20) τα:the γαρ:for αορατα:invisible‑things αυτου:of‑Him απο:from κτιϲεωϲ:creation κοϲμου:of‑world τοιϲ:by‑the ποιημαϲιν:made‑things νοουμενα:being‑understood καθοραται:are‑clearly‑seen η:the τε:both αιδιοϲ:eternal αυτου:of‑Him δυναμιϲ:power και:and θειοτηϲ:divinity ειϲ:for το:the ειναι:to‑be αυτουϲ:them αναπολογητουϲ:without‑excuse (21) διοτι:because γνοντεϲ:having‑known τον:the θεον:God ουχ:not ωϲ:as θεον:god εδοξαϲαν:they‑glorified η:or ηυχαριϲτηϲαν:they‑gave‑thanks αλλ:but εματαιωθηϲαν:they‑were‑made‑futile εν:in τοιϲ:the διαλογιϲμοιϲ:reasonings αυτων:of‑them και:and εϲκοτιϲθη:was‑darkened η:the αϲυνετοϲ:foolish αυτων:of‑them καρδια:heart (22) φαϲκοντεϲ:claiming ειναι:to‑be ϲοφοι:wise εμωρανθηϲαν:they‑became‑foolish (23) και:and ηλλαξαν:they‑exchanged την:the δοξαν:glory του:of‑the αφθαρτου:imperishable θεου:God εν:for ομοιωματι:likeness εικονοϲ:of‑image φθαρτου:perishable ανθρωπου:man και:and πετεινων:of‑birds και:and τετραποδων:of‑four‑footed και:and ερπετων:of‑reptiles (24) διο:therefore παρεδωκεν:gave‑over αυτουϲ:them ο:the θεοϲ:God εν:in ταιϲ:the επιθυμιαιϲ:desires των:of‑the καρδιων:hearts αυτων:of‑them ειϲ:to ακαθαρϲιαν:impurity του:the ατιμαζεϲθαι:to‑be‑dishonored τα:the ϲωματα:bodies αυτων:of‑them εν:among αυτοιϲ:themselves (25) οιτινεϲ:who μετηλλαξαν:exchanged την:the αληθειαν:truth του:of‑the θεου:God εν:for τω:the ψευδει:lie και:and εϲεβαϲθηϲαν:they‑revered και:and ελατρευϲαν:they‑rendered‑cultic‑service τη:to‑the κτιϲει:creation παρα:beside τον:the κτιϲαντα:one‑having‑created οϲ:who εϲτιν:is ευλογητοϲ:blessed ειϲ:into τουϲ:the αιωναϲ:ages αμην:amen (26) δια:because‑of τουτο:this παρεδωκεν:gave‑over αυτουϲ:them ο:the θεοϲ:God ειϲ:to παθη:passions ατιμιαϲ:of‑dishonor αι:the τε:both γαρ:for θηλειαι:females αυτων:of‑them μετηλλαξαν:exchanged την:the φυϲικην:natural χρηϲιν:use ειϲ:for την:the παρα:contrary‑to φυϲιν:nature (27) ομοιωϲ:likewise τε:both και:and οι:the αρϲενεϲ:males αφεντεϲ:having‑left την:the φυϲικην:natural χρηϲιν:use τηϲ:of‑the θηλειαϲ:female εξεκαυθηϲαν:they‑were‑inflamed εν:in τη:the ορεξει:craving αυτων:of‑them ειϲ:into αλληλουϲ:one‑another αρϲενεϲ:males εν:among αρϲεϲιν:males την:the αϲχημοϲυνην:shamelessness κατεργαζομενοι:working‑out και:and την:the αντιμιϲθιαν:due‑payment ην:which εδει:was‑due τηϲ:of‑the πλανηϲ:error αυτων:of‑them εν:in εαυτοιϲ:themselves απολαμβανοντεϲ:receiving‑back (28) και:and καθωϲ:just‑as ουκ:not εδοκιμαϲαν:they‑approved τον:the θεον:God εχειν:to‑have εν:in επιγνωϲει:knowledge παρεδωκεν:gave‑over αυτουϲ:them ο:the θεοϲ:God ειϲ:to αδοκιμον:disapproved νουν:mind ποιειν:to‑do τα:the μη:not καθηκοντα:proper‑things (29) πεπληρωμενουϲ:having‑been‑filled παϲη:with‑all αδικια:unrighteousness πονηρια:wickedness πλεονεξια:greed κακια:evil μεϲτουϲ:full‑of φθονου:envy φονου:murder εριδοϲ:strife δολου:deceit κακοηθειαϲ:malice ψιθυριϲταϲ:whisperers (30) καταλαλουϲ:slanderers θεοϲτυγειϲ:God‑haters υβριϲταϲ:insolent‑ones υπερηφανουϲ:arrogant‑ones αλαζοναϲ:boasters εφευρεταϲ:inventors κακων:of‑evil γονευϲιν:to‑parents απειθειϲ:disobedient (31) αϲυνετουϲ:senseless αϲυνθετουϲ:faithless αϲτοργουϲ:heartless ανελεημοναϲ:merciless (32) οιτινεϲ:who το:the δικαιωμα:righteous‑decree του:of‑the θεου:God επιγνοντεϲ:having‑known οτι:that οι:the‑ones τα:the τοιαυτα:such‑things πραϲϲοντεϲ:practicing αξιοι:worthy θανατου:of‑death ειϲιν:are ου:not μονον:only αυτα:them ποιουϲιν:they‑do αλλα:but και:also ϲυνευδοκουϲιν:they‑co‑approve τοιϲ:the πραϲϲουϲιν:practicing

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
1:25 ελατρευϲαν:they‑rendered‑cultic‑service [they-rendered-cultic-service] – the cultic verb names the service owed to the Creator alone; the gloss preserves the temple-world concreteness of the charge.
1:32 δικαιωμα:righteous‑decree [righteous-decree] – the specific righteous requirement of God’s law, known and acknowledged even by those who practice the opposite; the gloss keeps this distinct from “righteousness” itself.

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Romans 2

(1) διο:therefore αναπολογητοϲ:without‑excuse ει:you‑are ω:O ανθρωπε:man παϲ:every ο:the‑one κρινων:judging εν:in ω:which γαρ:for κρινειϲ:you‑judge τον:the ετερον:other ϲεαυτον:yourself κατακρινειϲ:you‑condemn τα:the γαρ:for αυτα:same‑things πραϲϲειϲ:you‑practice ο:the‑one κρινων:judging (2) οιδαμεν:we‑know δε:but οτι:that το:the κριμα:judgment του:of‑the θεου:God εϲτιν:is κατα:according‑to αληθειαν:truth επι:upon τουϲ:those τα:the τοιαυτα:such‑things πραϲϲονταϲ:practicing (3) λογιζη:you‑reckon δε:but τουτο:this ω:O ανθρωπε:man ο:the‑one κρινων:judging τουϲ:those τα:the τοιαυτα:such‑things πραϲϲονταϲ:practicing και:and ποιων:doing αυτα:them οτι:that ϲυ:you εκφευξη:will‑escape το:the κριμα:judgment του:of‑the θεου:God (4) η:or του:the πλουτου:riches τηϲ:of‑the χρηϲτοτητοϲ:kindness αυτου:of‑Him και:and τηϲ:of‑the ανοχηϲ:tolerance και:and τηϲ:of‑the μακροθυμιαϲ:patience καταφρονειϲ:you‑despise αγνοων:being‑ignorant οτι:that το:the χρηϲτον:kindness του:of‑the θεου:God ειϲ:to μετανοιαν:repentance ϲε:you αγει:leads (5) κατα:according‑to δε:but την:the ϲκληροτητα:hardness ϲου:of‑you και:and αμετανοητον:unrepentant καρδιαν:heart θηϲαυριζειϲ:you‑are‑storing‑up ϲεαυτω:for‑yourself οργην:wrath εν:in ημερα:day οργηϲ:of‑wrath και:and αποκαλυψεωϲ:of‑revelation δικαιοκριϲιαϲ:of‑righteous‑judgment του:of‑the θεου:God (6) οϲ:who αποδωϲει:will‑render εκαϲτω:to‑each κατα:according‑to τα:the εργα:works αυτου:of‑him (7) τοιϲ:to‑those μεν:indeed καθ:according‑to υπομονην:endurance εργου:of‑work αγαθου:of‑good δοξαν:glory και:and τιμην:honor και:and αφθαρϲιαν:incorruptibility ζητουϲιν:seeking ζωην:life αιωνιον:eternal (8) τοιϲ:to‑those δε:but εξ:from εριθειαϲ:selfish‑ambition και:and απειθουϲιν:disobeying τη:the αληθεια:truth πειθομενοιϲ:being‑persuaded δε:but τη:the αδικια:unrighteousness οργη:wrath και:and θυμοϲ:anger (9) θλιψιϲ:tribulation και:and ϲτενοχωρια:distress επι:upon παϲαν:every ψυχην:soul ανθρωπου:of‑man του:of‑the‑one κατεργαζομενου:working‑out το:the κακον:evil ιουδαιου:of‑Jew τε:both πρωτον:first και:and ελληνοϲ:of‑Greek (10) δοξα:glory δε:but και:and τιμη:honor και:and ειρηνη:peace παντι:to‑every τω:the‑one εργαζομενω:working το:the αγαθον:good ιουδαιω:to‑Jew τε:both πρωτον:first και:and ελληνι:to‑Greek (11) ου:not γαρ:for εϲτιν:is προϲωπολημψια:partiality παρα:with τω:the θεω:God

(12) οϲοι:as‑many‑as γαρ:for ανομωϲ:without‑law ημαρτον:sinned ανομωϲ:without‑law και:and απολουνται:will‑perish και:and οϲοι:as‑many‑as εν:in νομω:law ημαρτον:sinned δια:through νομου:law κριθηϲονται:will‑be‑judged (13) ου:not γαρ:for οι:the ακροαται:hearers νομου:of‑law δικαιοι:righteous παρα:with τω:the θεω:God αλλ:but οι:the ποιηται:doers νομου:of‑law δικαιωθηϲονται:will‑be‑justified (14) οταν:whenever γαρ:for εθνη:nations τα:the μη:not νομον:law εχοντα:having φυϲει:by‑nature τα:the του:of‑the νομου:law ποιωϲιν:do ουτοι:these νομον:law μη:not εχοντεϲ:having εαυτοιϲ:to‑themselves ειϲιν:are νομοϲ:law (15) οιτινεϲ:who ενδεικνυνται:show το:the εργον:work του:of‑the νομου:law γραπτον:written εν:in ταιϲ:the καρδιαιϲ:hearts αυτων:of‑them ϲυμμαρτυρουϲηϲ:testifying‑together αυτων:of‑them τηϲ:the ϲυνειδηϲεωϲ:conscience και:and μεταξυ:between αλληλων:one‑another των:the λογιϲμων:reasonings κατηγορουντων:accusing η:or και:also απολογουμενων:defending (16) εν:in ημερα:day οτε:when κρινει:judges ο:the θεοϲ:God τα:the κρυπτα:hidden‑things των:of‑the ανθρωπων:men κατα:according‑to το:the ευαγγελιον:glad‑tidings μου:of‑me δια:through χριϲτου:Christ ιηϲου:Jesus

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
2:16 ευαγγελιον:glad‑tidings [glad-tidings] – the royal announcement retains its heraldic weight: Paul’s glad-tidings of God names the standard by which the hidden things of humanity are judged.

(17) ει:if δε:but ϲυ:you ιουδαιοϲ:Jew επονομαζη:are‑named και:and επαναπαυη:rest‑upon νομω:law και:and καυχαϲαι:boast εν:in θεω:God (18) και:and γινωϲκειϲ:you‑know το:the θελημα:will και:and δοκιμαζειϲ:you‑approve τα:the διαφεροντα:differing‑things κατηχουμενοϲ:being‑instructed εκ:from του:the νομου:law (19) πεποιθαϲ:you‑are‑confident τε:and ϲεαυτον:yourself οδηγον:guide ειναι:to‑be τυφλων:of‑blind φωϲ:light των:of‑those εν:in ϲκοτει:darkness (20) παιδευτην:instructor αφρονων:of‑foolish διδαϲκαλον:teacher νηπιων:of‑infants εχοντα:having την:the μορφωϲιν:embodiment τηϲ:of‑the γνωϲεωϲ:knowledge και:and τηϲ:of‑the αληθειαϲ:truth εν:in τω:the νομω:law (21) ο:the‑one ουν:therefore διδαϲκων:teaching ετερον:another ϲεαυτον:yourself ου:not διδαϲκειϲ:you‑teach ο:the‑one κηρυϲϲων:proclaiming μη:not κλεπτειν:to‑steal κλεπτειϲ:you‑steal (22) ο:the‑one λεγων:saying μη:not μοιχευειν:to‑commit‑adultery μοιχευειϲ:you‑commit‑adultery ο:the‑one βδελυϲϲομενοϲ:abhorring τα:the ειδωλα:idols ιεροϲυλειϲ:you‑commit‑temple‑robbery (23) οϲ:who εν:in νομω:law καυχαϲαι:boast δια:through τηϲ:the παραβαϲεωϲ:transgression του:of‑the νομου:law τον:the θεον:God ατιμαζειϲ:you‑dishonor (24) το:the γαρ:for ονομα:name του:of‑the θεου:God δι:through υμαϲ:you βλαϲφημειται:is‑blasphemed εν:among τοιϲ:the εθνεϲιν:nations καθωϲ:just‑as γεγραπται:it‑has‑been‑written

(25) περιτομη:circumcision μεν:indeed γαρ:for ωφελει:profits εαν:if νομον:law πραϲϲηϲ:you‑practice εαν:if δε:but παραβατηϲ:transgressor νομου:of‑law ηϲ:you‑are η:the περιτομη:circumcision ϲου:of‑you ακροβυϲτια:uncircumcision γεγονεν:has‑become (26) εαν:if ουν:then η:the ακροβυϲτια:uncircumcision τα:the δικαιωματα:righteous‑decrees του:of‑the νομου:law φυλαϲϲη:keeps ουχ:not η:the ακροβυϲτια:uncircumcision αυτου:of‑him ειϲ:as περιτομην:circumcision λογιϲθηϲεται:will‑be‑counted (27) και:and κρινει:will‑judge η:the εκ:by φυϲεωϲ:nature ακροβυϲτια:uncircumcision τον:the νομον:law τελουϲα:fulfilling ϲε:you τον:the‑one δια:through γραμματοϲ:letter και:and περιτομηϲ:circumcision παραβατην:transgressor νομου:of‑law (28) ου:not γαρ:for ο:the‑one εν:in τω:the φανερω:visible ιουδαιοϲ:Jew εϲτιν:is ουδε:nor η:the εν:in τω:the φανερω:visible εν:in ϲαρκι:flesh περιτομη:circumcision (29) αλλ:but ο:the‑one εν:in τω:the κρυπτω:hidden ιουδαιοϲ:Jew και:and περιτομη:circumcision καρδιαϲ:of‑heart εν:in πνευματι:spirit ου:not γραμματι:letter ου:whose ο:the επαινοϲ:praise ουκ:not εξ:from ανθρωπων:men αλλ:but εκ:from του:the θεου:God

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
2:26 δικαιωματα:righteous‑decrees [righteous-decrees] – the plural names the concrete requirements of God’s law; keeping them is what counts before God, whatever the external sign.
2:29 πνευματι:spirit [spirit] – lowercased, consistent with the book-wide convention of rendering the spirit as God’s empowering presence; heart-circumcision is the Spirit’s work, not a matter of the written letter.

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Romans 3

(1) τι:What ουν:then το:the περιϲϲον:advantage του:of‑the ιουδαιου:Jew η:or τιϲ:what η:the ωφελεια:benefit τηϲ:of‑the περιτομηϲ:circumcision (2) πολυ:Much κατα:in παντα:every τροπον:way πρωτον:first μεν:indeed γαρ:for οτι:that επιϲτευθηϲαν:they‑were‑entrusted τα:the λογια:oracles του:of‑the θεου:God (3) τι:What γαρ:then ει:if ηπιϲτηϲαν:were‑unfaithful τινεϲ:some μη:not η:the απιϲτια:unfaithfulness αυτων:of‑them την:the πιϲτιν:faithfulness του:of‑the θεου:God καταργηϲει:will‑nullify (4) μη:May γενοιτο:it‑not‑be γινεϲθω:let‑be δε:but ο:the θεοϲ:God αληθηϲ:true παϲ:every δε:but ανθρωποϲ:man ψευϲτηϲ:liar καθωϲ:just‑as γεγραπται:it‑has‑been‑written οπωϲ:so‑that αν:would δικαιωθηϲ:You‑may‑be‑justified εν:in τοιϲ:the λογοιϲ:words ϲου:of‑You και:and νικηϲειϲ:You‑will‑prevail εν:in τω:the κρινεϲθαι:being‑judged ϲε:You (5) ει:if δε:but η:the αδικια:unrighteousness ημων:of‑us θεου:of‑God δικαιοϲυνην:righteousness ϲυνιϲτηϲιν:confirms τι:What ερουμεν:shall‑we‑say μη:not αδικοϲ:unrighteous ο:the θεοϲ:God ο:the‑one επιφερων:bringing την:the οργην:wrath κατα:according‑to ανθρωπον:man λεγω:I‑speak (6) μη:May γενοιτο:it‑not‑be επει:otherwise πωϲ:how κρινει:will‑judge ο:the θεοϲ:God τον:the κοϲμον:world (7) ει:if δε:but η:the αληθεια:truth του:of‑the θεου:God εν:in τω:the εμω:my ψευϲματι:lie επεριϲϲευϲεν:abounded ειϲ:unto την:the δοξαν:glory αυτου:of‑Him τι:why ετι:still καγω:I‑also ωϲ:as αμαρτωλοϲ:sinner κρινομαι:am‑I‑judged (8) και:and μη:not καθωϲ:as βλαϲφημουμεθα:we‑are‑slandered και:and καθωϲ:as φαϲιν:they‑allege τινεϲ:some ημαϲ:us λεγειν:to‑say οτι:that ποιηϲωμεν:we‑may‑do τα:the κακα:evil ινα:that ελθη:may‑come τα:the αγαθα:good ων:whose το:the κριμα:judgment ενδικον:just εϲτιν:is

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
3:3 απιϲτια:unfaithfulness, πιϲτιν:faithfulness [unfaithfulness / faithfulness] – the trust-word is rendered as covenant-loyalty: the unfaithfulness of some cannot nullify God’s own faithfulness.

(9) τι:What ουν:then προεχομεθα:are‑we‑better ου:not παντωϲ:at‑all προητιαϲαμεθα:we‑have‑before‑charged γαρ:for ιουδαιουϲ:Jews τε:both και:and ελληναϲ:Greeks πανταϲ:all υφ:under αμαρτιαν:sin ειναι:to‑be (10) καθωϲ:just‑as γεγραπται:it‑has‑been‑written οτι:that ουκ:not εϲτιν:is δικαιοϲ:righteous ουδε:not‑even ειϲ:one (11) ουκ:not εϲτιν:is ο:the‑one ϲυνιων:understanding ουκ:not εϲτιν:is ο:the‑one εκζητων:seeking τον:the θεον:God (12) παντεϲ:all εξεκλιναν:turned‑aside αμα:together ηχρεωθηϲαν:became‑worthless ουκ:not εϲτιν:is ο:the‑one ποιων:doing χρηϲτοτητα:kindness ουκ:not εϲτιν:is εωϲ:until ενοϲ:one (13) ταφοϲ:grave ανεωγμενοϲ:having‑been‑opened ο:the λαρυγξ:throat αυτων:of‑them ταιϲ:with‑the γλωϲϲαιϲ:tongues αυτων:of‑them εδολιουϲαν:they‑deceived ιοϲ:venom αϲπιδων:of‑asps υπο:under τα:the χειλη:lips αυτων:of‑them (14) ων:whose το:the ϲτομα:mouth αραϲ:of‑cursing και:and πικριαϲ:of‑bitterness γεμει:is‑full (15) οξειϲ:swift οι:the ποδεϲ:feet αυτων:of‑them εκχεαι:to‑shed αιμα:blood (16) ϲυντριμμα:destruction και:and ταλαιπωρια:misery εν:in ταιϲ:the οδοιϲ:ways αυτων:of‑them (17) και:and οδον:way ειρηνηϲ:of‑peace ουκ:not εγνωϲαν:they‑knew (18) ουκ:not εϲτιν:is φοβοϲ:fear θεου:of‑God απεναντι:before των:the οφθαλμων:eyes αυτων:of‑them (19) οιδαμεν:we‑know δε:but οτι:that οϲα:whatever ο:the νομοϲ:law λεγει:says τοιϲ:to‑those εν:in τω:the νομω:law λαλει:it‑speaks ινα:that παν:every ϲτομα:mouth φραγη:may‑be‑stopped και:and υποδικοϲ:liable γενηται:may‑become παϲ:all ο:the κοϲμοϲ:world τω:to‑the θεω:God (20) διοτι:because εξ:from εργων:works νομου:of‑law ου:not δικαιωθηϲεται:will‑be‑justified παϲα:all ϲαρξ:flesh ενωπιον:before αυτου:Him δια:through γαρ:for νομου:law επιγνωϲιϲ:knowledge αμαρτιαϲ:of‑sin

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
3:20 ϲαρξ:flesh [flesh] – the word marks the whole human condition in its weakness before God; “all flesh” stands under the law’s diagnosis, so that no one is justified by works of law.

(21) νυνι:But-now δε:and χωριϲ:apart-from νομου:law δικαιοϲυνη:righteousness θεου:of-God πεφανερωται:has-been-manifested μαρτυρουμενη:being-witnessed υπο:by του:the νομου:law και:and των:the προφητων:prophets (22) δικαιοϲυνη:Righteousness δε:and θεου:of-God δια:through πιϲτεωϲ:faith ιηϲου:of-Jesus χριϲτου:of-Christ ειϲ:unto πανταϲ:all τουϲ:the πιϲτευονταϲ:believing ου:not γαρ:for εϲτιν:is διαϲτολη:distinction (23) παντεϲ:All γαρ:for ημαρτον:sinned και:and υϲτερουνται:fall-short τηϲ:of-the δοξηϲ:glory του:of-the θεου:God (24) δικαιουμενοι:Being-justified δωρεαν:freely τη:by-the αυτου:His χαριτι:grace δια:through τηϲ:the απολυτρωϲεωϲ:redemption τηϲ:the εν:in χριϲτω:Christ ιηϲου:Jesus (25) ον:Whom προεθετο:set-forth ο:the θεοϲ:God ιλαϲτηριον:propitiatory δια:through τηϲ:the πιϲτεωϲ:faith εν:in τω:the αυτου:his αιματι:blood ειϲ:for ενδειξιν:demonstration τηϲ:of-the δικαιοϲυνηϲ:righteousness αυτου:of-Him δια:because-of την:the παρεϲιν:passing-over των:of-the προγεγονοτων:previously-committed αμαρτηματων:sins (26) εν:In τη:the ανοχη:forbearance του:of-the θεου:God προϲ:for την:the ενδειξιν:demonstration τηϲ:of-the δικαιοϲυνηϲ:righteousness αυτου:of-Him εν:in τω:the νυν:now καιρω:time ειϲ:for το:the ειναι:to-be αυτον:Him δικαιον:righteous και:and δικαιουντα:justifying τον:the-one εκ:from πιϲτεωϲ:faith ιηϲου:of-Jesus

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
3:21 δικαιοϲυνη:righteousness θεου:of-God [righteousness of-God] – God’s covenant-saving justice, now shown apart from law and witnessed by the law and the prophets; the gloss keeps this saving faithfulness in view.
3:22 πιϲτεωϲ:faith ιηϲου:of-Jesus χριϲτου:of-Christ [faith of-Jesus Christ] – the faithfulness of the Messiah, the obedient one (5:19); through his faithful allegiance God’s saving justice comes upon all who believe.
3:25 ιλαϲτηριον:propitiatory [propitiatory] – God himself set forth the means of wrath-turning; the gloss retains the atonement-cover associations of the word, tying the cross to the place where atonement is made.
3:25 παρεϲιν:passing-over [passing-over] – God’s patient passing-over of sins previously committed, within the public display of his justice.
3:25 ενδειξιν:demonstration [demonstration] – the public showing of God’s righteousness; the cross is the demonstration-point of his saving justice.
3:26 ενδειξιν:demonstration [demonstration] – at the present time God shows himself both righteous and the one justifying the person who lives from Jesus’ faithfulness.

(27) που:Where ουν:then η:the καυχηϲιϲ:boasting εξεκλειϲθη:was‑excluded δια:through ποιου:what νομου:law των:of‑the εργων:works ουχι:not αλλα:but δια:through νομου:law πιϲτεωϲ:of‑faith (28) λογιζομεθα:we‑reckon γαρ:for δικαιουϲθαι:to‑be‑justified πιϲτει:by‑faith ανθρωπον:a‑man χωριϲ:apart‑from εργων:works νομου:of‑law (29) η:or ιουδαιων:of‑Jews ο:the θεοϲ:God μονον:only ουχι:not και:also εθνων:of‑Gentiles ναι:yes και:also εθνων:of‑Gentiles (30) ειπερ:since ειϲ:one ο:the θεοϲ:God οϲ:who δικαιωϲει:will‑justify περιτομην:circumcision εκ:from πιϲτεωϲ:faith και:and ακροβυϲτιαν:uncircumcision δια:through τηϲ:the πιϲτεωϲ:faith (31) νομον:law ουν:then καταργουμεν:do‑we‑nullify δια:through τηϲ:the πιϲτεωϲ:faith μη:May γενοιτο:it‑not‑be αλλα:but νομον:law ιϲτανομεν:we‑uphold

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
3:28 πιϲτει:by‑faith [by-faith] – the allegiance-word again: a person is justified by faith, the active loyalty that the glad-tidings creates.

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Romans 4

(1) τι:What ουν:then ερουμεν:shall‑we‑say ευρηκεναι:to‑have‑found αβρααμ:Abraham τον:the προπατορα:forefather ημων:of‑us κατα:according‑to ϲαρκα:flesh (2) ει:If γαρ:for αβρααμ:Abraham εξ:from εργων:works εδικαιωθη:was‑justified εχει:he‑has καυχημα:boast αλλ:but ου:not προϲ:toward θεον:God (3) τι:What γαρ:for η:the γραφη:scripture λεγει:says επιϲτευϲεν:Believed δε:and αβρααμ:Abraham τω:the θεω:God και:and ελογιϲθη:was‑reckoned αυτω:to‑him ειϲ:for δικαιοϲυνην:righteousness (4) τω:To‑the δε:but εργαζομενω:working ο:the μιϲθοϲ:wage ου:not λογιζεται:is‑reckoned κατα:according‑to χαριν:grace αλλα:but κατα:according‑to οφειλημα:debt (5) τω:To‑the δε:but μη:not εργαζομενω:working πιϲτευοντι:believing δε:but επι:upon τον:the‑one δικαιουντα:justifying τον:the αϲεβη:ungodly λογιζεται:is‑reckoned η:the πιϲτιϲ:faith αυτου:of‑him ειϲ:for δικαιοϲυνην:righteousness (6) καθαπερ:just‑as και:also δαυιδ:David λεγει:speaks τον:the μακαριϲμον:blessing του:of‑the ανθρωπου:man ω:to‑whom ο:the θεοϲ:God λογιζεται:reckons δικαιοϲυνην:righteousness χωριϲ:apart‑from εργων:works (7) μακαριοι:Blessed ων:whose αφεθηϲαν:were‑forgiven αι:the ανομιαι:lawless‑deeds και:and ων:whose επεκαλυφθηϲαν:were‑covered αι:the αμαρτιαι:sins (8) μακαριοϲ:Blessed ανηρ:man ου:whose ου:not μη:by‑no‑means λογιϲηται:will‑reckon κυριοϲ:Lord αμαρτιαν:sin

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
4:3 λογιϲθη:was‑reckoned [was-reckoned] – the book-wide accounting verb for God’s verdict: Abraham’s trust was placed to his account as righteousness, establishing the reckoning-language that runs through this chapter.
4:3 δικαιοϲυνην:righteousness [righteousness] – the covenant-verdict righteousness that God in his saving justice reckons to the one who trusts him.
4:5 λογιζεται:is‑reckoned [is-reckoned] – the believing person, not the worker, receives the reckoning; the accounting verb keeps the verdict concrete.
4:5 πιϲτιϲ:faith [faith] – faith as active allegiance to the God who justifies the ungodly, the trust that God’s own faithfulness calls forth.
4:8 λογιϲηται:will‑reckon [will-reckon] – the blessedness of the one whose sin the Lord will never place to account; the reckoning-image completes David’s testimony.

(9) ο:The μακαριϲμοϲ:blessing ουν:then ουτοϲ:this επι:upon την:the περιτομην:circumcision η:or και:also επι:upon την:the ακροβυϲτιαν:uncircumcision λεγομεν:we‑speak γαρ:for ελογιϲθη:it‑was‑reckoned τω:to‑the αβρααμ:Abraham η:the πιϲτιϲ:faith ειϲ:for δικαιοϲυνην:righteousness (10) πωϲ:How ουν:then ελογιϲθη:was‑it‑reckoned εν:in περιτομη:circumcision οντι:being η:or εν:in ακροβυϲτια:uncircumcision ουκ:not εν:in περιτομη:circumcision αλλ:but εν:in ακροβυϲτια:uncircumcision (11) και:And ϲημειον:sign ελαβεν:he‑received περιτομηϲ:of‑circumcision ϲφραγιδα:seal τηϲ:of‑the δικαιοϲυνηϲ:righteousness τηϲ:of‑the πιϲτεωϲ:faith τηϲ:of‑the εν:in τη:the ακροβυϲτια:uncircumcision ειϲ:for το:the ειναι:to‑be αυτον:him πατερα:father παντων:of‑all των:the πιϲτευοντων:believing δι:through ακροβυϲτιαϲ:uncircumcision ειϲ:for το:the λογιϲθηναι:to‑be‑reckoned και:also αυτοιϲ:to‑them την:the δικαιοϲυνην:righteousness (12) και:And πατερα:father περιτομηϲ:of‑circumcision τοιϲ:to‑those ουκ:not εκ:from περιτομηϲ:circumcision μονον:only αλλα:but και:also τοιϲ:to‑those ϲτοιχουϲιν:walking‑in‑step τοιϲ:in‑the ιχνεϲιν:steps τηϲ:of‑the εν:in ακροβυϲτια:uncircumcision πιϲτεωϲ:faith του:of‑the πατροϲ:father ημων:of‑us αβρααμ:Abraham

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
4:9 ελογιϲθη:it‑was‑reckoned [it-was-reckoned] – the same reckoning-verb ties the blessedness of 4:7-8 to Abraham’s account, preserving the verbal thread that defines this chapter.
4:11 λογιϲθηναι:to‑be‑reckoned [to-be-reckoned] – the purpose of the sign and seal: that righteousness might be reckoned to all who share Abraham’s faith; the accounting language holds the argument together.

(13) ου:Not γαρ:for δια:through νομου:law η:the επαγγελια:promise τω:to‑the αβρααμ:Abraham η:or τω:to‑the ϲπερματι:seed αυτου:of‑him το:the κληρονομον:inheritor αυτον:him ειναι:to‑be κοϲμου:of‑world αλλα:but δια:through δικαιοϲυνηϲ:righteousness πιϲτεωϲ:of‑faith (14) ει:If γαρ:for οι:those εκ:from νομου:law κληρονομοι:heirs κεκενωται:has‑been‑emptied η:the πιϲτιϲ:faith και:and κατηργηται:has‑been‑nullified η:the επαγγελια:promise (15) ο:The γαρ:for νομοϲ:law οργην:wrath κατεργαζεται:works‑out ου:where δε:but ουκ:not εϲτιν:is νομοϲ:law ουδε:neither παραβαϲιϲ:transgression (16) δια:Because‑of τουτο:this εκ:from πιϲτεωϲ:faith ινα:in‑order‑that κατα:according‑to χαριν:grace ειϲ:for το:the ειναι:to‑be βεβαιαν:firm την:the επαγγελιαν:promise παντι:to‑all τω:the ϲπερματι:seed ου:not τω:to‑the εκ:from του:the νομου:law μονον:only αλλα:but και:also τω:to‑the εκ:from πιϲτεωϲ:faith αβρααμ:Abraham οϲ:who εϲτιν:is πατηρ:father παντων:of‑all ημων:of‑us (17) καθωϲ:Just‑as γεγραπται:it‑has‑been‑written οτι:that πατερα:father πολλων:of‑many εθνων:nations τεθεικα:I‑have‑appointed ϲε:you κατεναντι:before ου:whom επιϲτευϲεν:he‑believed θεου:God του:the‑one ζωοποιουντοϲ:making‑alive τουϲ:the νεκρουϲ:dead και:and καλουντοϲ:calling τα:the μη:not οντα:being ωϲ:as οντα:being (18) οϲ:Who παρ:against ελπιδα:hope επ:upon ελπιδι:hope επιϲτευϲεν:believed ειϲ:for το:the γενεϲθαι:to‑become αυτον:him πατερα:father πολλων:of‑many εθνων:nations κατα:according‑to το:the ειρημενον:having‑been‑said ουτωϲ:So εϲται:shall‑be το:the ϲπερμα:seed ϲου:of‑you (19) και:And μη:not αϲθενηϲαϲ:having‑weakened τη:the πιϲτει:faith κατενοηϲεν:he‑considered το:the εαυτου:of‑himself ϲωμα:body ηδη:already νενεκρωμενον:having‑been‑deadened εκατονταετηϲ:hundred‑years‑old που:about υπαρχων:being και:and την:the νεκρωϲιν:deadness τηϲ:of‑the μητραϲ:womb ϲαρραϲ:of‑Sarah (20) ειϲ:Toward δε:but την:the επαγγελιαν:promise του:of‑the θεου:God ου:not διεκριθη:he‑wavered τη:by‑the απιϲτια:unfaithfulness αλλ:but ενεδυναμωθη:he‑was‑empowered τη:by‑the πιϲτει:faith δουϲ:giving δοξαν:glory τω:to‑the θεω:God (21) και:And πληροφορηθειϲ:having‑been‑fully‑assured οτι:that ο:what επηγγελται:He‑has‑promised δυνατοϲ:able εϲτιν:is και:also ποιηϲαι:to‑do (22) διο:Therefore και:also ελογιϲθη:it‑was‑reckoned αυτω:to‑him ειϲ:for δικαιοϲυνην:righteousness

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
4:13 δικαιοϲυνηϲ:righteousness [of righteousness] – the promised inheritance comes through the righteousness of faith; the gloss keeps the covenant-saving justice of 3:21-26 in view.
4:16 εκ:from πιϲτεωϲ:faith [from faith] – the promise is secured for the whole seed through faith, so that it rests on grace; faith here is the allegiance that answers God’s promise.
4:19 τη:the πιϲτει:faith [the faith] – Abraham’s trust did not weaken; the allegiance-word names his steady reliance on the God who gives life to the dead.
4:20 τη:by‑the πιϲτει:faith [by the faith] – strengthened by the same allegiance, Abraham gave glory to God; the faith-word carries the trust through the whole narrative.
4:22 ελογιϲθη:it‑was‑reckoned [it-was-reckoned] – the verdict returns as it opened (4:3): faith was reckoned to him as righteousness, closing the account.

(23) ουκ:Not εγραφη:it‑was‑written δε:but δι:on‑account‑of αυτον:him μονον:only οτι:that ελογιϲθη:it‑was‑reckoned αυτω:to‑him (24) αλλα:But και:also δι:for ημαϲ:us οιϲ:to‑whom μελλει:is‑about‑to λογιζεϲθαι:to‑be‑reckoned τοιϲ:to‑those πιϲτευουϲιν:believing επι:upon τον:the‑one εγειραντα:having‑raised ιηϲουν:Jesus τον:the κυριον:lord ημων:our εκ:from νεκρων:dead (25) οϲ:Who παρεδοθη:was‑delivered‑up δια:for τα:the παραπτωματα:trespasses ημων:of‑us και:and ηγερθη:was‑raised δια:for την:the δικαιωϲιν:justification ημων:of‑us

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
4:24 λογιζεϲθαι:to‑be‑reckoned [to-be-reckoned] – the reckoning extends to those who believe in the God who raised Jesus; the same divine verdict now reaches the believer.
4:25 δικαιωϲιν:justification [justification] – the risen one guarantees the justifying verdict; the word names the covenant-verdict that corresponds to his being delivered up for our trespasses.

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Romans 5

(1) δικαιωθεντεϲ:Having-been-justified ουν:therefore εκ:from πιϲτεωϲ:faith ειρηνην:peace εχομεν:we-have προϲ:toward τον:the θεον:God δια:through του:the κυριου:lord ημων:our ιηϲου:Jesus χριϲτου:Christ (2) δι:Through ου:whom και:also την:the προϲαγωγην:access εϲχηκαμεν:we-have-obtained τη:by-the πιϲτει:faith ειϲ:into την:the χαριν:grace ταυτην:this εν:in η:which εϲτηκαμεν:we-have-stood και:and καυχωμεθα:we-boast επ:upon ελπιδι:hope τηϲ:of-the δοξηϲ:glory του:of-the θεου:God (3) ου:Not μονον:only δε:but αλλα:but και:also καυχωμεθα:we-boast εν:in ταιϲ:the θλιψεϲιν:tribulations ειδοτεϲ:knowing οτι:that η:the θλιψιϲ:tribulation υπομονην:endurance κατεργαζεται:works-out (4) η:The δε:and υπομονη:endurance δοκιμην:proven-character η:the δε:and δοκιμη:proven-character ελπιδα:hope (5) η:The δε:and ελπιϲ:hope ου:not καταιϲχυνει:puts-to-shame οτι:because η:the αγαπη:love του:of-the θεου:God εκκεχυται:has-been-poured-out εν:in ταιϲ:the καρδιαιϲ:hearts ημων:of-us δια:through πνευματοϲ:spirit αγιου:holy του:the δοθεντοϲ:having-been-given ημιν:to-us (6) ετι:Still γαρ:for χριϲτοϲ:Christ οντων:being ημων:of-us αϲθενων:weak ετι:still κατα:according-to καιρον:time υπερ:for αϲεβων:ungodly-ones απεθανεν:he-died (7) μολιϲ:Scarcely γαρ:for υπερ:for δικαιου:a-righteous-one τιϲ:anyone αποθανειται:would-die υπερ:for γαρ:for του:the αγαθου:good-one ταχα:perhaps τιϲ:someone και:even τολμα:dares αποθανειν:to-die (8) ϲυνιϲτηϲιν:Confirms δε:but την:the εαυτου:His-own αγαπην:love ειϲ:toward ημαϲ:us ο:the θεοϲ:God οτι:that ετι:while αμαρτωλων:sinful οντων:being ημων:of-us χριϲτοϲ:Christ υπερ:for ημων:us απεθανεν:he-died (9) πολλω:Much ουν:therefore μαλλον:more δικαιωθεντεϲ:having-been-justified νυν:now εν:by τω:the αιματι:blood αυτου:of-him ϲωθηϲομεθα:we-shall-be-saved δι:through αυτου:him απο:from τηϲ:the οργηϲ:wrath (10) ει:If γαρ:for εχθροι:enemies οντεϲ:being κατηλλαγημεν:we-were-reconciled τω:to-the θεω:God δια:through του:the θανατου:death του:of-the υιου:son αυτου:of-Him πολλω:much μαλλον:more καταλλαγεντεϲ:having-been-reconciled ϲωθηϲομεθα:we-shall-be-saved εν:in τη:the ζωη:life αυτου:of-him (11) ου:Not μονον:only δε:but αλλα:but και:also καυχωμενοι:boasting εν:in τω:the θεω:God δια:through του:the κυριου:lord ημων:our ιηϲου:Jesus χριϲτου:Christ δι:through ου:whom νυν:now την:the καταλλαγην:reconciliation ελαβομεν:we-received

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
5:1 εκ:from πιϲτεωϲ:faith [from faith] – justification is from faith, the allegiance through which the believer stands in peace before God.
5:5 πνευματοϲ:spirit αγιου:holy [from spirit holy] – lowercased, consistent with the book-wide convention of rendering the spirit as God’s empowering presence, now poured out in the heart.

(12) δια:Through τουτο:this ωϲπερ:just‑as δι:through ενοϲ:one ανθρωπου:man η:the αμαρτια:sin ειϲ:into τον:the κοϲμον:world ειϲηλθεν:entered και:and δια:through τηϲ:the αμαρτιαϲ:sin ο:the θανατοϲ:death και:and ουτωϲ:thus ειϲ:to πανταϲ:all ανθρωπουϲ:men ο:the θανατοϲ:death διηλθεν:passed‑through εφ:because‑of ω:whom παντεϲ:all ημαρτον:sinned (13) αχρι:until γαρ:for νομου:law αμαρτια:sin ην:was εν:in κοϲμω:world αμαρτια:sin δε:but ουκ:not ελλογειται:is‑charged μη:not οντοϲ:being νομου:law (14) αλλ:But εβαϲιλευϲεν:reigned ο:the θανατοϲ:death απο:from αδαμ:Adam μεχρι:until μωυϲεωϲ:Moses και:also επι:over τουϲ:those μη:not αμαρτηϲανταϲ:having‑sinned επι:according‑to τω:the ομοιωματι:likeness τηϲ:of‑the παραβαϲεωϲ:transgression αδαμ:of‑Adam οϲ:who εϲτιν:is τυποϲ:type του:of‑the μελλοντοϲ:one‑coming (15) αλλ:But ουχ:not ωϲ:as το:the παραπτωμα:trespass ουτωϲ:so και:also το:the χαριϲμα:gracious‑gift ει:if γαρ:for τω:by‑the του:of‑the ενοϲ:one παραπτωματι:trespass οι:the πολλοι:many απεθανον:died πολλω:much μαλλον:more η:the χαριϲ:grace του:of‑the θεου:God και:and η:the δωρεα:gift εν:in χαριτι:grace τη:by‑the του:of‑the ενοϲ:one ανθρωπου:man ιηϲου:Jesus χριϲτου:Christ ειϲ:unto τουϲ:the πολλουϲ:many επεριϲϲευϲεν:superabounded (16) και:And ουχ:not ωϲ:as δι:through ενοϲ:one αμαρτηϲαντοϲ:having‑sinned το:the δωρημα:gift το:the μεν:indeed γαρ:for κριμα:verdict εξ:from ενοϲ:one ειϲ:unto κατακριμα:condemnation το:the δε:but χαριϲμα:gracious‑gift εκ:from πολλων:many παραπτωματων:trespasses ειϲ:unto δικαιωμα:righteous‑verdict (17) ει:if γαρ:for τω:by‑the του:of‑the ενοϲ:one παραπτωματι:trespass ο:the θανατοϲ:death εβαϲιλευϲεν:reigned δια:through του:the ενοϲ:one πολλω:much μαλλον:more οι:those την:the περιϲϲειαν:abundance τηϲ:of‑the χαριτοϲ:grace και:and τηϲ:of‑the δωρεαϲ:gift τηϲ:of‑the δικαιοϲυνηϲ:righteousness λαμβανοντεϲ:receiving εν:in ζωη:life βαϲιλευϲουϲιν:will‑reign δια:through του:the ενοϲ:one ιηϲου:Jesus χριϲτου:Christ (18) αρα:So ουν:then ωϲ:as δι:through ενοϲ:one παραπτωματοϲ:trespass ειϲ:unto πανταϲ:all ανθρωπουϲ:men ειϲ:unto κατακριμα:condemnation ουτωϲ:so και:also δι:through ενοϲ:one δικαιωματοϲ:righteous‑act ειϲ:unto πανταϲ:all ανθρωπουϲ:men ειϲ:unto δικαιωϲιν:justification ζωηϲ:of‑life (19) ωϲπερ:Just‑as γαρ:for δια:through τηϲ:the παρακοηϲ:disobedience του:of‑the ενοϲ:one ανθρωπου:man αμαρτωλοι:sinful κατεϲταθηϲαν:were‑constituted οι:the πολλοι:many ουτωϲ:so και:also δια:through τηϲ:the υπακοηϲ:obedience του:of‑the ενοϲ:one δικαιοι:righteous καταϲταθηϲονται:will‑be‑constituted οι:the πολλοι:many (20) νομοϲ:Law δε:but παρειϲηλθεν:entered‑alongside ινα:in‑order‑that πλεοναϲη:might‑abound το:the παραπτωμα:trespass ου:where δε:but επλεοναϲεν:abounded η:the αμαρτια:sin υπερεπεριϲϲευϲεν:super‑superabounded η:the χαριϲ:grace (21) ινα:in‑order‑that ωϲπερ:just‑as εβαϲιλευϲεν:reigned η:the αμαρτια:sin εν:in τω:the θανατω:death ουτωϲ:so και:also η:the χαριϲ:grace βαϲιλευϲη:might‑reign δια:through δικαιοϲυνηϲ:righteousness ειϲ:unto ζωην:life αιωνιον:eternal δια:through ιηϲου:Jesus χριϲτου:Christ του:the κυριου:lord ημων:our

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
5:15 χαριϲμα:gracious‑gift [gracious-gift] – the benefaction-word: the gift of grace superabounds over the trespass; the gloss keeps the free-gift character of the new age.
5:16 δικαιωμα:righteous‑verdict [righteous-verdict] – the verdict that follows the gracious gift: from many trespasses to a verdict of righteousness; the legal-acquittal sense is kept concrete.
5:18 δικαιωματοϲ:righteous‑act [righteous-act] – the one obedient act of the Messiah, through which the many come to the justification of life.
5:18 δικαιωϲιν:justification [justification] – the verdict that issues in life; the word ties the one righteous-act to the justification of life.
5:21 δικαιοϲυνηϲ:righteousness [righteousness] – grace reigns through covenant-saving justice to eternal life; the righteousness-chain of the letter reaches its reign-note.

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Romans 6

(1) τι:What ουν:then ερουμεν:shall‑we‑say επιμενωμεν:should‑we‑remain τη:in‑the αμαρτια:sin ινα:in‑order‑that η:the χαριϲ:grace πλεοναϲη:might‑abound (2) Μη:May γενοιτο:it‑not‑be Οιτινεϲ:who απεθανομεν:we‑died τη:to‑the αμαρτια:sin πωϲ:how ετι:still ζηϲομεν:shall‑we‑live εν:in αυτη:it (3) Η:Or αγνοειτε:are‑you‑ignorant οτι:that οϲοι:as‑many‑as εβαπτιϲθημεν:we‑were‑baptized ειϲ:into χριϲτον:Christ ιηϲουν:Jesus ειϲ:into τον:the θανατον:death αυτου:of‑him εβαπτιϲθημεν:we‑were‑baptized (4) Συνεταφημεν:We‑were‑co‑buried ουν:therefore αυτω:with‑him δια:through του:the βαπτιϲματοϲ:baptism ειϲ:into τον:the θανατον:death ινα:in‑order‑that ωϲπερ:just‑as ηγερθη:was‑raised χριϲτοϲ:Christ εκ:from νεκρων:dead δια:through τηϲ:the δοξηϲ:glory του:of‑the πατροϲ:Father ουτωϲ:so και:also ημειϲ:we εν:in καινοτητι:newness ζωηϲ:of‑life περιπατηϲωμεν:might‑walk (5) Ει:If γαρ:for ϲυμφυτοι:co‑grown γεγοναμεν:we‑have‑come‑to‑be τω:with‑the ομοιωματι:likeness του:of‑the θανατου:death αυτου:of‑him αλλα:but και:also τηϲ:of‑the αναϲταϲεωϲ:resurrection εϲομεθα:we‑shall‑be (6) Τουτο:This γινωϲκοντεϲ:knowing οτι:that ο:the παλαιοϲ:old ημων:of‑us ανθρωποϲ:man ϲυνεϲταυρωθη:was‑co‑crucified ινα:in‑order‑that καταργηθη:might‑be‑nullified το:the ϲωμα:body τηϲ:of‑the αμαρτιαϲ:sin του:of‑the μηκετι:no‑longer δουλευειν:to‑serve ημαϲ:us τη:the αμαρτια:sin (7) Ο:the‑one γαρ:for αποθανων:having‑died δεδικαιωται:has‑been‑justified απο:from τηϲ:the αμαρτιαϲ:sin (8) Ει:If δε:but απεθανομεν:we‑died ϲυν:with χριϲτω:Christ πιϲτευομεν:we‑believe οτι:that και:also ϲυζηϲομεν:we‑shall‑co‑live αυτω:with‑him (9) Ειδοτεϲ:knowing οτι:that χριϲτοϲ:Christ εγερθειϲ:having‑been‑raised εκ:from νεκρων:dead ουκετι:no‑longer αποθνηϲκει:dies θανατοϲ:death αυτου:of‑him ουκετι:no‑longer κυριευει:has‑lordship‑over (10) Ο:what γαρ:for απεθανεν:he‑died τη:to‑the αμαρτια:sin απεθανεν:he‑died εφαπαξ:once‑for‑all Ο:what δε:but ζη:he‑lives ζη:he‑lives τω:to‑the θεω:God (11) Ουτωϲ:So και:also υμειϲ:you λογιζεϲθε:reckon‑for‑yourselves εαυτουϲ:yourselves ειναι:to‑be νεκρουϲ:dead μεν:indeed τη:to‑the αμαρτια:sin ζωνταϲ:alive δε:but τω:to‑the θεω:God εν:in χριϲτω:Christ ιηϲου:Jesus

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
6:4 Συνεταφημεν:We‑were‑co‑buried [We-were-co-buried] – the co- prefix preserves the participation-language: the believer was buried with Christ in baptism, sharing his death.
6:6 ϲυνεϲταυρωθη:was‑co‑crucified [was-co-crucified] – the old self was co-crucified with him; the co- prefix carries the shared, participatory reality of union with Christ.
6:8 ϲυζηϲομεν:we‑shall‑co‑live [we-shall-co-live] – the same co-participation looks forward: if we died with Christ, we shall also live with him.
6:11 λογιζεϲθε:reckon‑for‑yourselves [reckon-for-yourselves] – the accounting verb of 4:3-24 is applied to identity: believers are to reckon themselves dead to sin and alive to God in Christ Jesus.

(12) Μη:Do‑not ουν:therefore βαϲιλευετω:let‑reign η:the αμαρτια:sin εν:in τω:the θνητω:mortal υμων:of‑you ϲωματι:body ειϲ:for το:the υπακουειν:to‑obey ταιϲ:the επιθυμιαιϲ:desires αυτου:of‑it (13) μηδε:nor παριϲτανετε:present τα:the μελη:members υμων:of‑you οπλα:weapons αδικιαϲ:of‑unrighteousness τη:to‑the αμαρτια:sin αλλα:but παραϲτηϲατε:present‑for‑yourselves εαυτουϲ:yourselves τω:to‑the θεω:God ωϲει:as‑if εκ:from νεκρων:dead ζωνταϲ:alive και:and τα:the μελη:members υμων:of‑you οπλα:weapons δικαιοϲυνηϲ:of‑righteousness τω:to‑the θεω:God (14) Αμαρτια:Sin γαρ:for υμων:of‑you ου:not κυριευϲει:will‑have‑lordship‑over ου:not γαρ:for εϲτε:you‑are υπο:under νομον:law αλλα:but υπο:under χαριν:grace

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
6:13 δικαιοϲυνηϲ:of‑righteousness [of-righteousness] – the members are presented as weapons of covenant-saving justice to God; the righteousness-language remains the defining loyalty.

(15) Τι:What ουν:then αμαρτηϲωμεν:shall‑we‑sin οτι:because ουκ:not εϲμεν:we‑are υπο:under νομον:law αλλα:but υπο:under χαριν:grace Μη:May γενοιτο:it‑not‑be (16) Ουκ:Do‑not οιδατε:you‑know οτι:that ω:to‑whom παριϲτανετε:you‑present εαυτουϲ:yourselves δουλουϲ:slaves ειϲ:for υπακοην:obedience δουλοι:slaves εϲτε:you‑are ω:to‑whom υπακουετε:you‑obey ητοι:whether αμαρτιαϲ:of‑sin ειϲ:unto θανατον:death η:or υπακοηϲ:of‑obedience ειϲ:unto δικαιοϲυνην:righteousness (17) Χαριϲ:Thanks δε:but τω:to‑the θεω:God οτι:that ητε:you‑were δουλοι:slaves τηϲ:of‑the αμαρτιαϲ:sin υπηκουϲατε:you‑obeyed δε:but εκ:from καρδιαϲ:heart ειϲ:unto ον:which παρεδοθητε:you‑were‑delivered‑over τυπον:pattern διδαχηϲ:of‑teaching (18) Ελευθερωθεντεϲ:having‑been‑freed δε:and απο:from τηϲ:the αμαρτιαϲ:sin εδουλωθητε:you‑were‑enslaved τη:to‑the δικαιοϲυνη:righteousness (19) Ανθρωπινον:human‑thing λεγω:I‑speak δια:because‑of την:the αϲθενειαν:weakness τηϲ:of‑the ϲαρκοϲ:flesh υμων:of‑you ωϲπερ:just‑as γαρ:for παρεϲτηϲατε:you‑presented τα:the μελη:members υμων:of‑you δουλα:slaves τη:to‑the ακαθαρϲια:impurity και:and τη:to‑the ανομια:lawlessness ειϲ:unto την:the ανομιαν:lawlessness ουτωϲ:so νυν:now παραϲτηϲατε:present‑for‑yourselves τα:the μελη:members υμων:of‑you δουλα:slaves τη:to‑the δικαιοϲυνη:righteousness ειϲ:unto αγιαϲμον:holiness (20) Οτε:When γαρ:for δουλοι:slaves ητε:you‑were τηϲ:of‑the αμαρτιαϲ:sin ελευθεροι:free ητε:you‑were τη:to‑the δικαιοϲυνη:righteousness (21) Τινα:What ουν:then καρπον:fruit ειχετε:did‑you‑have τοτε:then εφ:over‑which οιϲ:which νυν:now επαιϲχυνεϲθε:you‑are‑ashamed το:the γαρ:for τελοϲ:end εκεινων:of‑those θανατοϲ:death (22) Νυνι:But‑now δε:and ελευθερωθεντεϲ:having‑been‑freed απο:from τηϲ:the αμαρτιαϲ:sin δουλωθεντεϲ:having‑been‑enslaved δε:and τω:to‑the θεω:God εχετε:you‑have τον:the καρπον:fruit υμων:of‑you ειϲ:unto αγιαϲμον:holiness το:the δε:and τελοϲ:end ζωην:life αιωνιον:eternal (23) Τα:the γαρ:for οψωνια:rations‑of‑pay τηϲ:of‑the αμαρτιαϲ:sin θανατοϲ:death το:the δε:and χαριϲμα:gracious‑gift του:of‑the θεου:God ζωη:life αιωνιοϲ:eternal εν:in χριϲτω:Christ ιηϲου:Jesus τω:the κυριω:lord ημων:our

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
6:16 δουλουϲ:slaves [slaves] – the stark social word of the first-century world is retained: a person is a slave of the one they obey, whether sin or obedience.
6:16 δικαιοϲυνην:righteousness [unto righteousness] – obedience leads unto righteousness; the covenant-verdict shapes the allegiance-frame of the passage.
6:18 δικαιοϲυνη:righteousness [to righteousness] – freed from sin, enslaved to righteousness; the loyalty-word stays concrete in the patron-client world.
6:21 τελοϲ:end [end] – the outcome of those things is death; the word carries the sense of final outcome that the letter develops.
6:22 τελοϲ:end [end] – the outcome of being enslaved to God is eternal life; the end-word completes the contrast.
6:23 οψωνια:rations‑of‑pay [rations-of-pay] – the soldier’s ration-pay: what sin pays out is death; the gloss keeps the earned-wage image stark.
6:23 χαριϲμα:gracious‑gift [gracious-gift] – the deliberate counterpart to the ration-pay: God’s gift is not earned but given by grace; eternal life in Christ Jesus our lord.

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Romans 7

(1) η:Or αγνοειτε:are‑you‑ignorant αδελφοι:brothers γινωϲκουϲιν:to‑those‑knowing γαρ:for νομον:law λαλω:I‑speak οτι:that ο:the νομοϲ:law κυριευει:has‑lordship‑over του:the ανθρωπου:man εφ:for οϲον:as‑long‑as χρονον:time ζη:he‑lives (2) η:the γαρ:for υπανδροϲ:married γυνη:woman τω:to‑the ζωντι:living ανδρι:husband δεδεται:has‑been‑bound νομω:by‑law εαν:if δε:but αποθανη:should‑die ο:the ανηρ:husband κατηργηται:she‑has‑been‑discharged απο:from του:the νομου:law του:of‑the ανδροϲ:husband (3) αρα:So ουν:then ζωντοϲ:living του:of‑the ανδροϲ:husband μοιχαλιϲ:an‑adulteress χρηματιϲει:she‑will‑be‑called εαν:if γενηται:she‑should‑become ανδρι:to‑a‑husband ετερω:another εαν:if δε:but αποθανη:should‑die ο:the ανηρ:husband ελευθερα:free εϲτιν:she‑is απο:from του:the νομου:law του:of‑the μη:not ειναι:to‑be αυτην:her μοιχαλιδα:an‑adulteress γενομενην:having‑become ανδρι:to‑a‑husband ετερω:another (4) ωϲτε:So‑that αδελφοι:brothers μου:of‑me και:also υμειϲ:you εθανατωθητε:you‑were‑put‑to‑death τω:to‑the νομω:law δια:through του:the ϲωματοϲ:body του:of‑the χριϲτου:Christ ειϲ:for το:the γενεϲθαι:to‑become υμαϲ:you ετερω:to‑another τω:to‑the‑one εκ:from νεκρων:dead εγερθεντι:having‑been‑raised ινα:in‑order‑that καρποφορηϲωμεν:we‑might‑bear‑fruit τω:to‑the θεω:God (5) οτε:When γαρ:for ημεν:we‑were εν:in τη:the ϲαρκι:flesh τα:the παθηματα:passions των:of‑the αμαρτιων:sins τα:the‑ones δια:through του:the νομου:law ενηργειτο:were‑being‑activated εν:in τοιϲ:the μελεϲιν:members ημων:of‑us ειϲ:for το:the καρποφορηϲαι:to‑bear‑fruit τω:to‑the θανατω:death (6) νυνι:But‑now δε:and κατηργηθημεν:we‑were‑discharged απο:from του:the νομου:law αποθανοντεϲ:having‑died εν:in ω:that‑in‑which κατειχομεθα:we‑were‑being‑held ωϲτε:so‑that δουλευειν:to‑serve ημαϲ:us εν:in καινοτητι:newness πνευματοϲ:of‑spirit και:and ου:not παλαιοτητι:oldness γραμματοϲ:of‑letter

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
7:5 ϲαρκι:flesh [flesh] – the book-wide convention renders flesh as the old-age condition of weakness, the sphere in which the passions of sins worked through the law.
7:6 πνευματοϲ:of‑spirit [of-spirit] – lowercased, consistent with the book-wide convention of rendering the spirit as God’s empowering presence; the believer now serves in the newness of the spirit, not the oldness of the written letter.

(7) τι:What ουν:then ερουμεν:shall‑we‑say ο:the νομοϲ:law αμαρτια:sin μη:May γενοιτο:it‑not‑be αλλα:but την:the αμαρτιαν:sin ουκ:not εγνων:I‑knew ει:if μη:not δια:through νομου:law την:the τε:and γαρ:for επιθυμιαν:coveting ουκ:not ηδειν:I‑was‑aware‑of ει:if μη:not ο:the νομοϲ:law ελεγεν:was‑saying ουκ:not επιθυμηϲειϲ:you‑shall‑covet (8) αφορμην:opportunity δε:but λαβουϲα:having‑taken η:the αμαρτια:sin δια:through τηϲ:the εντοληϲ:commandment κατειργαϲατο:worked‑out εν:in εμοι:me παϲαν:all επιθυμιαν:coveting χωριϲ:apart‑from γαρ:for νομου:law αμαρτια:sin νεκρα:dead (9) εγω:I δε:but εζων:was‑living χωριϲ:apart‑from νομου:law ποτε:at‑one‑time ελθουϲηϲ:having‑come δε:but τηϲ:the εντοληϲ:commandment η:the αμαρτια:sin ανεζηϲεν:revived (10) εγω:I δε:but απεθανον:died και:and ευρεθη:was‑found μοι:to‑me η:the εντολη:commandment η:the‑one ειϲ:unto ζωην:life αυτη:this ειϲ:unto θανατον:death (11) η:the γαρ:for αμαρτια:sin αφορμην:opportunity λαβουϲα:having‑taken δια:through τηϲ:the εντοληϲ:commandment εξηπατηϲεν:deceived με:me και:and δι:through αυτηϲ:it απεκτεινεν:killed (12) ωϲτε:So‑that ο:the μεν:indeed νομοϲ:law αγιοϲ:holy και:and η:the εντολη:commandment αγια:holy και:and δικαια:righteous και:and αγαθη:good (13) το:the ουν:then αγαθον:good εμοι:to‑me εγενετο:became θανατοϲ:death μη:May γενοιτο:it‑not‑be αλλ:but η:the αμαρτια:sin ινα:in‑order‑that φανη:might‑appear αμαρτια:sin δια:through του:the αγαθου:good μοι:to‑me κατεργαζομενη:working‑out θανατον:death ινα:in‑order‑that γενηται:might‑become καθ:beyond υπερβολην:measure αμαρτωλοϲ:sinful η:the αμαρτια:sin δια:through τηϲ:the εντοληϲ:commandment

(14) οιδαμεν:we‑know γαρ:for οτι:that ο:the νομοϲ:law πνευματικοϲ:spiritual εϲτιν:is εγω:I δε:but ϲαρκινοϲ:fleshly ειμι:am πεπραμενοϲ:having‑been‑sold υπο:under την:the αμαρτιαν:sin (15) ο:what γαρ:for κατεργαζομαι:I‑work‑out ου:not γινωϲκω:I‑recognize ου:not γαρ:for ο:what θελω:I‑wish τουτο:this πραϲϲω:I‑practice αλλ:but ο:what μιϲω:I‑hate τουτο:this ποιω:I‑do (16) ει:if δε:but ο:what ου:not θελω:I‑wish τουτο:this ποιω:I‑do ϲυμφημι:I‑agree τω:to‑the νομω:law οτι:that καλοϲ:good (17) νυνι:But‑now δε:but ουκετι:no‑longer εγω:I κατεργαζομαι:work‑out αυτο:it αλλα:but η:the οικουϲα:dwelling εν:in εμοι:me αμαρτια:sin (18) οιδα:I‑know γαρ:for οτι:that ουκ:not οικει:dwells εν:in εμοι:me τουτ:this εϲτιν:is εν:in τη:the ϲαρκι:flesh μου:of‑me αγαθον:good το:the γαρ:for θελειν:to‑wish παρακειται:lies‑beside μοι:to‑me το:the δε:but κατεργαζεϲθαι:to‑work‑out το:the καλον:good ου:not (19) ου:not γαρ:for ο:what θελω:I‑wish ποιω:I‑do αγαθον:good αλλ:but ο:what ου:not θελω:I‑wish κακον:evil τουτο:this πραϲϲω:I‑practice (20) ει:if δε:but ο:what ου:not θελω:I‑wish εγω:I τουτο:this ποιω:I‑do ουκετι:no‑longer εγω:I κατεργαζομαι:work‑out αυτο:it αλλ:but η:the οικουϲα:dwelling εν:in εμοι:me αμαρτια:sin

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
7:14 ϲαρκινοϲ:fleshly [fleshly] – the person under sin’s custody is described as fleshly, marked by the old-age condition; the gloss keeps the contrast with the “spiritual” law vivid.
7:18 ϲαρκι:flesh [flesh] – the sphere in which no good dwells; the gloss again marks the old-age condition of the “I” before rescue.

(21) ευριϲκω:I‑find αρα:therefore τον:the νομον:law τω:to‑the‑one θελοντι:wishing εμοι:to‑me ποιειν:to‑do το:the καλον:good οτι:that εμοι:to‑me το:the κακον:evil παρακειται:lies‑beside (22) ϲυνηδομαι:I‑delight‑together γαρ:for τω:in‑the νομω:law του:of‑the θεου:God κατα:according‑to τον:the εϲω:inward ανθρωπον:man (23) βλεπω:I‑see δε:but ετερον:another νομον:law εν:in τοιϲ:the μελεϲιν:members μου:of‑me αντιϲτρατευομενον:warring‑against τω:against‑the νομω:law του:of‑the νοοϲ:mind μου:of‑me και:and αιχμαλωτιζοντα:taking‑captive με:me εν:in τω:the νομω:law τηϲ:of‑the αμαρτιαϲ:sin τω:the‑one οντι:being εν:in τοιϲ:the μελεϲιν:members μου:of‑me (24) ταλαιπωροϲ:Wretched εγω:I ανθρωποϲ:man τιϲ:who με:me ρυϲεται:will‑rescue εκ:from του:the ϲωματοϲ:body του:of‑the θανατου:death τουτου:this (25) χαριϲ:Thanks δε:but τω:to‑the θεω:God δια:through ιηϲου:Jesus χριϲτου:Christ του:the κυριου:lord ημων:of‑us αρα:So ουν:then αυτοϲ:myself εγω:I τω:with‑the μεν:indeed νοι:mind δουλευω:I‑serve νομω:law θεου:of‑God τη:with‑the δε:but ϲαρκι:flesh νομω:law αμαρτιαϲ:of‑sin

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
7:25 ϲαρκι:flesh [flesh] – the closing antithesis of the chapter: with the mind serving God’s law, with the flesh serving the law of sin; the gloss keeps the two spheres distinct.

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Romans 8

(1) ουδεν:No αρα:therefore νυν:now κατακριμα:condemnation τοιϲ:to-those εν:in χριϲτω:Christ ιηϲου:Jesus (2) ο:the γαρ:for νομοϲ:law του:of-the πνευματοϲ:spirit τηϲ:of-the ζωηϲ:life εν:in χριϲτω:Christ ιηϲου:Jesus ηλευθερωϲεν:freed ϲε:you απο:from του:the νομου:law τηϲ:of-the αμαρτιαϲ:sin και:and του:of-the θανατου:death (3) το:the γαρ:for αδυνατον:impossible του:of-the νομου:law εν:in ω:which ηϲθενει:it-was-weak δια:through τηϲ:the ϲαρκοϲ:flesh ο:the θεοϲ:God τον:the εαυτου:His-own υιον:son πεμψαϲ:having-sent εν:in ομοιωματι:likeness ϲαρκοϲ:of-flesh αμαρτιαϲ:of-sin και:and περι:concerning αμαρτιαϲ:sin κατεκρινεν:condemned την:the αμαρτιαν:sin εν:in τη:the ϲαρκι:flesh (4) ινα:in-order-that το:the δικαιωμα:righteous-requirement του:of-the νομου:law πληρωθη:might-be-fulfilled εν:in ημιν:us τοιϲ:who μη:not κατα:according-to ϲαρκα:flesh περιπατουϲιν:walking αλλα:but κατα:according-to πνευμα:spirit

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
8:2 πνευματοϲ:spirit [of-spirit] – lowercased, consistent with the book-wide convention of rendering the spirit as God’s empowering presence; the law of the spirit of life sets free from the law of sin and death.
8:3 ϲαρκοϲ:of-flesh, ϲαρκι:flesh [of-flesh / in-the-flesh] – the sphere of weakness in which the law was powerless; the gloss marks the old-age condition, and it is in this flesh that God condemns sin.
8:4 πνευμα:spirit [spirit] – walking according to spirit, the empowering presence that fulfils the law’s righteous requirement.

(5) οι:those γαρ:for κατα:according-to ϲαρκα:flesh οντεϲ:being τα:the-things τηϲ:of-the ϲαρκοϲ:flesh φρονουϲιν:set-their-minds-on οι:those δε:but κατα:according-to πνευμα:spirit τα:the-things του:of-the πνευματοϲ:spirit (6) το:the γαρ:for φρονημα:mind-set τηϲ:of-the ϲαρκοϲ:flesh θανατοϲ:death το:the δε:but φρονημα:mind-set του:of-the πνευματοϲ:spirit ζωη:life και:and ειρηνη:peace (7) διοτι:because το:the φρονημα:mind-set τηϲ:of-the ϲαρκοϲ:flesh εχθρα:hostility ειϲ:against θεον:God τω:to-the γαρ:for νομω:law του:of-the θεου:God ουχ:not υποταϲϲεται:submits ουδε:nor γαρ:for δυναται:it-is-able (8) οι:those δε:but εν:in ϲαρκι:flesh οντεϲ:being θεω:God αρεϲαι:to-please ου:not δυνανται:are-able (9) υμειϲ:you δε:but ουκ:not εϲτε:are εν:in ϲαρκι:flesh αλλ:but εν:in πνευματι:spirit ειπερ:if-indeed πνευμα:spirit θεου:of-God οικει:dwells εν:in υμιν:you ει:if δε:but τιϲ:anyone πνευμα:spirit χριϲτου:of-Christ ουκ:not εχει:has ουτοϲ:this-one ουκ:not εϲτιν:is αυτου:of-him (10) ει:if δε:but χριϲτοϲ:Christ εν:in υμιν:you το:the μεν:indeed ϲωμα:body νεκρον:dead δια:because-of αμαρτιαν:sin το:the δε:but πνευμα:spirit ζωη:life δια:because-of δικαιοϲυνην:righteousness (11) ει:if δε:but το:the πνευμα:spirit του:of-the εγειραντοϲ:one-having-raised τον:the ιηϲουν:Jesus εκ:from νεκρων:dead οικει:dwells εν:in υμιν:you ο:the εγειραϲ:one-having-raised χριϲτον:Christ εκ:from νεκρων:dead ζωοποιηϲει:will-make-alive και:also τα:the θνητα:mortal ϲωματα:bodies υμων:of-you δια:through του:the ενοικουντοϲ:indwelling αυτου:of-Him πνευματοϲ:spirit εν:in υμιν:you

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
8:5 ϲαρκα:flesh, ϲαρκοϲ:flesh [flesh] – those who are according to the flesh set their minds on the things of the flesh; the gloss keeps the old-age condition in view throughout the contrast.
8:9 πνευματι:spirit, πνευμα:spirit [in spirit / spirit] – the believer is in the spirit, and the spirit of God and of Christ dwells in them; lowercased, consistent with the book-wide convention of rendering the spirit as God’s empowering presence.
8:11 πνευματοϲ:spirit [of-spirit] – the indwelling spirit of the one who raised Jesus gives life to the mortal body; the lowercased gloss keeps the enabling presence in view.

(12) αρα:So ουν:then αδελφοι:brothers οφειλεται:debtors εϲμεν:we-are ου:not τη:to-the ϲαρκι:flesh του:the κατα:according-to ϲαρκα:flesh ζην:to-live (13) ει:if γαρ:for κατα:according-to ϲαρκα:flesh ζητε:you-live μελλετε:you-are-about-to αποθνηϲκειν:to-die ει:if δε:but πνευματι:by-spirit ταϲ:the πραξειϲ:deeds του:of-the ϲωματοϲ:body θανατουτε:you-put-to-death ζηϲεϲθε:you-will-live (14) οϲοι:as-many-as γαρ:for πνευματι:by-spirit θεου:of-God αγονται:are-led ουτοι:these υιοι:sons θεου:of-God ειϲιν:are (15) ου:not γαρ:for ελαβετε:you-received πνευμα:spirit δουλειαϲ:of-bondage παλιν:again ειϲ:into φοβον:fear αλλ:but ελαβετε:you-received πνευμα:spirit υιοθεϲιαϲ:of-sonship εν:in ω:which κραζομεν:we-cry αββα:Abba ο:the πατηρ:Father (16) αυτο:itself το:the πνευμα:spirit ϲυμμαρτυρει:bears-witness-together τω:with-the πνευματι:spirit ημων:of-us οτι:that εϲμεν:we-are τεκνα:children θεου:of-God (17) ει:if δε:but τεκνα:children και:also κληρονομοι:heirs κληρονομοι:heirs μεν:indeed θεου:of-God ϲυγκληρονομοι:co-heirs δε:but χριϲτου:of-Christ ειπερ:if-indeed ϲυμπαϲχομεν:we-suffer-together ινα:in-order-that και:also ϲυνδοξαϲθωμεν:we-might-be-co-glorified

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
8:13 ϲαρκα:flesh, πνευματι:by-spirit [flesh / by-spirit] – living according to flesh leads to death; putting the body’s deeds to death by the spirit leads to life; the two spheres of the chapter’s great contrast.
8:15 πνευμα:spirit δουλειαϲ:of-bondage, πνευμα:spirit υιοθεϲιαϲ:of-sonship [spirit of-bondage / spirit of-sonship] – the spirit received is the empowering presence through which believers cry “Abba, Father”; the spirit of sonship replaces the spirit of bondage.
8:16 ϲυμμαρτυρει:bears-witness-together [bears-witness-together] – the co-prefix renders the compound: the spirit joins its witness with our spirit that we are children of God.
8:17 ϲυγκληρονομοι:co-heirs, ϲυμπαϲχομεν:we-suffer-together, ϲυνδοξαϲθωμεν:we-might-be-co-glorified [co-heirs / suffer-together / co-glorified] – the co-prefix preserves the participation-language: heirs together with the son, sharing his suffering in order to share his glory.

(18) λογιζομαι:I-reckon γαρ:for οτι:that ουκ:not αξια:worthy τα:the παθηματα:sufferings του:of-the νυν:present καιρου:time προϲ:compared-to την:the μελλουϲαν:coming δοξαν:glory αποκαλυφθηναι:to-be-revealed ειϲ:upon ημαϲ:us (19) η:the γαρ:for αποκαραδοκια:eager-expectation τηϲ:of-the κτιϲεωϲ:creation την:the αποκαλυψιν:revelation των:of-the υιων:sons του:of-the θεου:God απεκδεχεται:awaits-eagerly (20) τη:to-the γαρ:for ματαιοτητι:futility η:the κτιϲιϲ:creation υπεταγη:was-subjected ουχ:not εκουϲα:willingly αλλα:but δια:through τον:the-one υποταξαντα:having-subjected εφ:upon ελπιδι:hope (21) οτι:that και:also αυτη:itself η:the κτιϲιϲ:creation ελευθερωθηϲεται:will-be-freed απο:from τηϲ:the δουλειαϲ:bondage τηϲ:of-the φθοραϲ:decay ειϲ:into την:the ελευθεριαν:freedom τηϲ:of-the δοξηϲ:glory των:of-the τεκνων:children του:of-the θεου:God (22) οιδαμεν:we-know γαρ:for οτι:that παϲα:all η:the κτιϲιϲ:creation ϲυϲτεναζει:groans-together και:and ϲυνωδινει:suffers-birth-pains-together αχρι:until του:the νυν:now (23) ου:not μονον:only δε:but αλλα:but και:also αυτοι:ourselves την:the απαρχην:first-fruit του:of-the πνευματοϲ:spirit εχοντεϲ:having ημειϲ:we και:also αυτοι:ourselves εν:in εαυτοιϲ:ourselves ϲτεναζομεν:we-groan υιοθεϲιαν:sonship απεκδεχομενοι:awaiting-eagerly την:the απολυτρωϲιν:redemption του:of-the ϲωματοϲ:body ημων:of-us (24) τη:by-the γαρ:for ελπιδι:hope εϲωθημεν:we-were-saved ελπιϲ:hope δε:but βλεπομενη:being-seen ουκ:not εϲτιν:is ελπιϲ:hope ο:that γαρ:for βλεπει:sees τιϲ:anyone ελπιζει:hopes-for (25) ει:if δε:but ο:what ου:not βλεπομεν:we-see ελπιζομεν:we-hope δι:through υπομονηϲ:endurance απεκδεχομεθα:we-await-eagerly

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
8:18 λογιζομαι:I-reckon [I-reckon] – the letter’s accounting verb: Paul weighs the present sufferings against the glory about to be revealed.
8:19 κτιϲεωϲ:creation [creation] – the created order in eager expectation, awaiting the revelation of the sons of God; the gloss keeps the renewal-frame of the age to come.
8:20 κτιϲιϲ:creation [creation] – the same created order, subjected to futility in hope; the gloss keeps creation as the scene of God’s eschatological renewal.
8:21 κτιϲιϲ:creation [creation] – itself will be freed from decay into the freedom of the glory of the children of God; the renewal-hope embraces the whole created order.
8:22 κτιϲιϲ:creation, ϲυϲτεναζει:groans-together, ϲυνωδινει:suffers-birth-pains-together [creation / groans-together / suffers-birth-pains-together] – the co-prefix compounds mark the creation’s shared travail: it groans and suffers birth-pangs together until the present time.
8:23 πνευματοϲ:spirit [of-spirit] – the first-fruit of the spirit, God’s empowering presence already given as the pledge of the coming redemption of the body.

(26) ωϲαυτωϲ:Likewise δε:but και:also το:the πνευμα:spirit ϲυναντιλαμβανεται:helps-together τη:with-the αϲθενεια:weakness ημων:of-us το:the γαρ:for τι:what προϲευξωμεθα:we-should-pray καθο:as δει:it-is-necessary ουκ:not οιδαμεν:we-know αλλ:but αυτο:itself το:the πνευμα:spirit υπερεντυγχανει:intercedes-superabundantly ϲτεναγμοιϲ:with-groanings αλαλητοιϲ:inexpressible (27) ο:the-one δε:but εραυνων:searching ταϲ:the καρδιαϲ:hearts οιδεν:knows τι:what το:the φρονημα:mind-set του:of-the πνευματοϲ:spirit οτι:that κατα:according-to θεον:God εντυγχανει:intercedes υπερ:on-behalf-of αγιων:holy-ones (28) οιδαμεν:we-know δε:but οτι:that τοιϲ:to-those αγαπωϲιν:loving τον:the θεον:God παντα:all-things ϲυνεργει:work-together ειϲ:for αγαθον:good τοιϲ:to-those κατα:according-to προθεϲιν:purpose κλητοιϲ:called ουϲιν:being (29) οτι:that ουϲ:whom προεγνω:He-foreknew και:and προωριϲεν:He-foreordained ϲυμμορφουϲ:conformed-to-the-form τηϲ:of-the εικονοϲ:image του:of-the υιου:son αυτου:of-Him ειϲ:for το:the ειναι:to-be αυτον:him πρωτοτοκον:firstborn εν:among πολλοιϲ:many αδελφοιϲ:brothers (30) ουϲ:whom δε:but προωριϲεν:He-foreordained τουτουϲ:these και:also εκαλεϲεν:He-called και:and ουϲ:whom εκαλεϲεν:He-called τουτουϲ:these και:also εδικαιωϲεν:He-justified ουϲ:whom δε:but εδικαιωϲεν:He-justified τουτουϲ:these και:also εδοξαϲεν:He-glorified

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
8:26 πνευμα:spirit, ϲυναντιλαμβανεται:helps-together [spirit / helps-together] – the spirit co-works with our weakness in prayer; the lowercased gloss keeps the empowering presence, and the co-prefix preserves the compound’s participation-language.
8:27 πνευματοϲ:spirit [of-spirit] – the mind-set of the spirit is known to God, who searches the hearts; the spirit intercedes for the holy-ones according to God.
8:28 ϲυνεργει:work-together [work-together] – all things co-work for good for those who love God; the co-prefix again marks God’s co-working purpose.
8:29 ϲυμμορφουϲ:conformed-to-the-form [conformed-to-the-form] – those foreknown are shaped into the form of the son’s image; the co-prefix marks the participatory conformity.
8:29 πρωτοτοκον:firstborn [firstborn] – the pre-eminent heir (Ps 89:27), the appointed heir among many brothers and sisters; the gloss names his royal-heir status.

(31) τι:What ουν:then ερουμεν:shall-we-say προϲ:to ταυτα:these-things ει:if ο:the θεοϲ:God υπερ:for ημων:us τιϲ:who καθ:against ημων:us (32) οϲ:who γε:indeed του:the ιδιου:own υιου:son ουκ:not εφειϲατο:spared αλλ:but υπερ:for ημων:us παντων:all παρεδωκεν:delivered-up αυτον:him πωϲ:how ουχι:not και:also ϲυν:with αυτω:him τα:the παντα:all-things ημιν:to-us χαριϲεται:will-He-grant-graciously (33) τιϲ:Who εγκαλεϲει:will-bring-a-charge κατα:against εκλεκτων:elect θεου:of-God θεοϲ:God ο:the-one δικαιων:justifying (34) τιϲ:Who ο:the-one κατακρινων:condemning χριϲτοϲ:Christ ιηϲουϲ:Jesus ο:the-one αποθανων:having-died μαλλον:rather δε:but εγερθειϲ:having-been-raised οϲ:who και:also εϲτιν:is εν:at δεξια:right-hand του:of-the θεου:God οϲ:who και:also εντυγχανει:intercedes υπερ:on-behalf-of ημων:us (35) τιϲ:Who ημαϲ:us χωριϲει:will-separate απο:from τηϲ:the αγαπηϲ:love του:of-the χριϲτου:Christ θλιψιϲ:tribulation η:or ϲτενοχωρια:distress η:or διωγμοϲ:persecution η:or λιμοϲ:famine η:or γυμνοτηϲ:nakedness η:or κινδυνοϲ:danger η:or μαχαιρα:sword (36) καθωϲ:just-as γεγραπται:it-has-been-written οτι:that ενεκεν:for-the-sake-of ϲου:You θανατουμεθα:we-are-being-put-to-death ολην:whole την:the ημεραν:day ελογιϲθημεν:we-were-reckoned ωϲ:as προβατα:sheep ϲφαγηϲ:of-slaughter (37) αλλ:but εν:in τουτοιϲ:these παϲιν:all υπερνικωμεν:we-overwhelmingly-conquer δια:through του:the-one αγαπηϲαντοϲ:having-loved ημαϲ:us (38) πεπειϲμαι:I-have-been-convinced γαρ:for οτι:that ουτε:neither θανατοϲ:death ουτε:nor ζωη:life ουτε:nor αγγελοι:angels ουτε:nor αρχαι:rulers ουτε:nor ενεϲτωτα:things-present ουτε:nor μελλοντα:things-coming ουτε:nor δυναμειϲ:powers (39) ουτε:nor υψωμα:height ουτε:nor βαθοϲ:depth ουτε:nor τιϲ:any κτιϲιϲ:creation ετερα:different δυνηϲεται:will-be-able ημαϲ:us χωριϲαι:to-separate απο:from τηϲ:the αγαπηϲ:love του:of-the θεου:God τηϲ:the-one εν:in χριϲτω:Christ ιηϲου:Jesus τω:the κυριω:lord ημων:our

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
8:36 ελογιϲθημεν:we-were-reckoned [we-were-reckoned] – the letter’s accounting verb again: we were counted as sheep for slaughter.
8:39 κτιϲιϲ:creation [creation] – even any different created thing cannot separate us from the love of God in Christ Jesus our lord; the gloss keeps the whole-creation frame of the chapter’s close.

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Romans 9

(1) αληθειαν:Truth λεγω:I-speak εν:in χριϲτω:Christ ου:not ψευδομαι:I-lie ϲυμμαρτυρουϲηϲ:bearing-witness-together μοι:with-me τηϲ:the ϲυνειδηϲεωϲ:conscience μου:of-me εν:in πνευματι:spirit αγιω:holy (2) οτι:that λυπη:sorrow μοι:to-me εϲτιν:is μεγαλη:great και:and αδιαλειπτοϲ:unceasing οδυνη:pain τη:to-the καρδια:heart μου:of-me (3) ηυχομην:I-was-wishing γαρ:for αναθεμα:accursed ειναι:to-be αυτοϲ:myself εγω:I απο:from του:the χριϲτου:Christ υπερ:on-behalf-of των:the αδελφων:brothers μου:of-me των:the ϲυγγενων:kinsmen μου:of-me κατα:according-to ϲαρκα:flesh (4) οιτινεϲ:who ειϲιν:are ιϲραηλιται:Israelites ων:of-whom η:the υιοθεϲια:sonship και:and η:the δοξα:glory και:and αι:the διαθηκαι:covenants και:and η:the νομοθεϲια:law-giving και:and η:the λατρεια:cultic-service και:and αι:the επαγγελιαι:promises (5) ων:of-whom οι:the πατερεϲ:fathers και:and εξ:from ων:whom ο:the χριϲτοϲ:Christ το:the κατα:according-to ϲαρκα:flesh ο:the-one ων:being επι:over παντων:all θεοϲ:god ευλογητοϲ:blessed ειϲ:into τουϲ:the αιωναϲ:ages αμην:amen

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
9:1 πνευματι:spirit αγιω:holy [spirit holy] – lowercased, consistent with the book-wide convention of rendering the spirit as God’s empowering presence; the spirit witnesses together with Paul’s conscience.
9:3 ϲαρκα:flesh [flesh] – the sphere of kinship: Paul’s brothers, his kinsmen according to the flesh; the gloss marks the old-age bond he shares with Israel.
9:4 λατρεια:cultic-service [cultic-service] – the sanctuary-service of Israel, the concrete cultic word retained across the letter; named among Israel’s privileges.
9:5 ϲαρκα:flesh [flesh] – the sphere of lineage: the Christ, descended from the fathers according to the flesh; the gloss keeps the human lineage in view.

(6) ουχ:Not οιον:as-though δε:but οτι:that εκπεπτωκεν:has-fallen ο:the λογοϲ:word του:of-the θεου:God ου:not γαρ:for παντεϲ:all οι:those εξ:from ιϲραηλ:Israel ουτοι:these ιϲραηλ:Israel (7) ουδ:nor οτι:that ειϲιν:are ϲπερμα:seed αβρααμ:of-Abraham παντεϲ:all τεκνα:children αλλ:but εν:in ιϲαακ:Isaac κληθηϲεται:will-be-called ϲοι:to-you ϲπερμα:seed (8) τουτ:this εϲτιν:is ου:not τα:the τεκνα:children τηϲ:of-the ϲαρκοϲ:flesh ταυτα:these τεκνα:children του:of-the θεου:God αλλα:but τα:the τεκνα:children τηϲ:of-the επαγγελιαϲ:promise λογιζεται:is-reckoned ειϲ:for ϲπερμα:seed (9) επαγγελιαϲ:of-promise γαρ:for ο:the λογοϲ:word ουτοϲ:this κατα:according-to τον:the καιρον:time τουτον:this ελευϲομαι:I-will-come και:and εϲται:will-be τη:to-the ϲαρρα:Sarah υιοϲ:a-son (10) ου:Not μονον:only δε:but αλλα:but και:also ρεβεκκα:Rebecca εξ:from ενοϲ:one κοιτην:bed εχουϲα:having ιϲαακ:Isaac του:the πατροϲ:father ημων:of-us (11) μηπω:not-yet γαρ:for γεννηθεντων:having-been-born μηδε:nor πραξαντων:having-done τι:anything αγαθον:good η:or φαυλον:worthless ινα:in-order-that η:the κατ:according-to εκλογην:election προθεϲιϲ:purpose του:of-the θεου:God μενη:might-remain (12) ουκ:not εξ:from εργων:works αλλ:but εκ:from του:the καλουντοϲ:calling ερρεθη:it-was-said αυτη:to-her οτι:that ο:the μειζων:greater δουλευϲει:will-serve τω:the ελαϲϲονι:lesser (13) καθωϲ:just-as γεγραπται:it-has-been-written τον:the ιακωβ:Jacob ηγαπηϲα:I-loved τον:the δε:but ηϲαυ:Esau εμιϲηϲα:I-hated

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
9:8 λογιζεται:is-reckoned [is-reckoned] – the accounting verb of the letter: the children of the promise are counted as the seed; God’s verdict defines the lineage.

(14) τι:What ουν:then ερουμεν:shall-we-say μη:not αδικια:injustice παρα:with τω:the θεω:God μη:May γενοιτο:it-not-be (15) τω:to-the μωυϲει:Moses γαρ:for λεγει:He-says ελεηϲω:I-will-have-mercy ον:whom αν:ever ελεω:I-have-mercy και:and οικτιρηϲω:I-will-have-compassion ον:whom αν:ever οικτιρω:I-have-compassion (16) αρα:So ουν:then ου:not του:of-the θελοντοϲ:willing ουδε:nor του:of-the τρεχοντοϲ:running αλλα:but του:of-the ελεωντοϲ:showing-mercy θεου:God (17) λεγει:says γαρ:for η:the γραφη:scripture τω:to-the φαραω:Pharaoh οτι:that ειϲ:for αυτο:this τουτο:very εξηγειρα:I-raised-up ϲε:you οπωϲ:in-order-that ενδειξωμαι:I-might-show εν:in ϲοι:you την:the δυναμιν:power μου:of-Me και:and οπωϲ:in-order-that διαγγελη:might-be-declared το:the ονομα:name μου:of-Me εν:in παϲη:all τη:the γη:earth (18) αρα:So ουν:then ον:whom θελει:He-wills ελεει:He-mercies ον:whom δε:but θελει:He-wills ϲκληρυνει:He-hardens

(19) ερειϲ:You-will-say μοι:to-me ουν:then τι:why ουν:then ετι:still μεμφεται:He-finds-fault τω:for-the γαρ:for βουληματι:purpose αυτου:of-Him τιϲ:who ανθεϲτηκεν:has-resisted (20) ω:O ανθρωπε:man μενουνγε:nevertheless ϲυ:you τιϲ:who ει:are ο:the-one ανταποκρινομενοϲ:answering-back τω:to-the θεω:God μη:not ερει:will-say το:the πλαϲμα:shaped-thing τω:to-the-one πλαϲαντι:having-shaped τι:why με:me εποιηϲαϲ:you-made ουτωϲ:thus (21) η:Or ουκ:not εχει:has εξουϲιαν:authority ο:the κεραμευϲ:potter του:of-the πηλου:clay εκ:from του:the αυτου:same φυραματοϲ:lump ποιηϲαι:to-make ο:the μεν:indeed ειϲ:for τιμην:honour ϲκευοϲ:vessel ο:the δε:but ειϲ:for ατιμιαν:dishonour (22) ει:if δε:but θελων:willing ο:the θεοϲ:God ενδειξαϲθαι:to-show την:the οργην:wrath και:and γνωριϲαι:to-make-known το:the δυνατον:power αυτου:of-Him ηνεγκεν:endured εν:in πολλη:much μακροθυμια:patience ϲκευη:vessels οργηϲ:of-wrath κατηρτιϲμενα:having-been-prepared ειϲ:for απωλειαν:destruction (23) και:and ινα:in-order-that γνωριϲη:He-might-make-known τον:the πλουτον:riches τηϲ:of-the δοξηϲ:glory αυτου:of-Him επι:upon ϲκευη:vessels ελεουϲ:of-mercy α:which προητοιμαϲεν:He-prepared-beforehand ειϲ:for δοξαν:glory (24) ουϲ:whom και:also εκαλεϲεν:He-called ημαϲ:us ου:not μονον:only εξ:from ιουδαιων:Jews αλλα:but και:also εξ:from εθνων:nations

(25) ωϲ:as και:also εν:in τω:the ωϲηε:Hosea λεγει:He-says καλεϲω:I-will-call τον:the ου:not λαον:people μου:of-Me λαον:people μου:of-Me και:and την:the ουκ:not ηγαπημενην:having-been-loved ηγαπημενην:having-been-loved (26) και:and εϲται:will-be εν:in τω:the τοπω:place ου:where ερρεθη:it-was-said αυτοιϲ:to-them ου:not λαοϲ:people μου:of-Me υμειϲ:you εκει:there κληθηϲονται:they-will-be-called υιοι:sons θεου:of-God ζωντοϲ:living (27) ηϲαιαϲ:Isaiah δε:but κραζει:cries-out υπερ:on-behalf-of του:the ιϲραηλ:Israel εαν:if η:is ο:the αριθμοϲ:number των:of-the υιων:sons ιϲραηλ:of-Israel ωϲ:as η:the αμμοϲ:sand τηϲ:of-the θαλαϲϲηϲ:sea το:the υπολειμμα:remnant ϲωθηϲεται:will-be-saved (28) λογον:word γαρ:for ϲυντελων:completing και:and ϲυντεμνων:cutting-short ποιηϲει:will-make κυριοϲ:Lord επι:upon τηϲ:the γηϲ:earth (29) και:and καθωϲ:just-as προειρηκεν:has-said-before ηϲαιαϲ:Isaiah ει:if μη:not κυριοϲ:Lord ϲαβαωθ:of-hosts εγκατελιπεν:had-left-behind ημιν:us ϲπερμα:seed ωϲ:as ϲοδομα:Sodom αν:would εγενηθημεν:we-had-become και:and ωϲ:as γομορρα:Gomorrah αν:would ωμοιωθημεν:we-had-been-made-like

(30) τι:What ουν:then ερουμεν:shall-we-say οτι:that εθνη:nations τα:the μη:not διωκοντα:pursuing δικαιοϲυνην:righteousness κατελαβεν:attained δικαιοϲυνην:righteousness δικαιοϲυνην:righteousness δε:but την:the εκ:from πιϲτεωϲ:faith (31) ιϲραηλ:Israel δε:but διωκων:pursuing νομον:law δικαιοϲυνηϲ:of-righteousness ειϲ:unto νομον:law ουκ:not εφθαϲεν:arrived-at (32) δια:because-of τι:what οτι:because ουκ:not εκ:from πιϲτεωϲ:faith αλλ:but ωϲ:as εξ:from εργων:works προϲεκοψαν:they-stumbled τω:at-the λιθω:stone του:of-the προϲκομματοϲ:stumbling (33) καθωϲ:just-as γεγραπται:it-has-been-written ιδου:behold τιθημι:I-place εν:in ϲιων:Zion λιθον:stone προϲκομματοϲ:of-stumbling και:and πετραν:rock ϲκανδαλου:of-offense και:and ο:the-one πιϲτευων:believing επ:upon αυτω:him ου:not καταιϲχυνθηϲεται:will-be-put-to-shame

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
9:30 δικαιοϲυνην:righteousness [righteousness] – the covenant-saving justice that the nations attained: the righteousness that is from faith.
9:31 δικαιοϲυνηϲ:of-righteousness [of-righteousness] – Israel’s pursuit of a law whose aim was God’s covenant-saving justice; the gloss keeps the goal before the reader.
9:32 πιϲτεωϲ:faith [from faith] – faith as allegiance to God’s promise, the trust that takes hold of his saving action; the righteousness of God is received from faith.
9:33 πιϲτευων:believing [believing] – the one who believes on the stone will not be put to shame; the allegiance-word completes the citation.

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Romans 10

(1) αδελφοι:Brothers η:the μεν:indeed ευδοκια:good‑will τηϲ:of‑the εμηϲ:my καρδιαϲ:heart και:and η:the δεηϲιϲ:prayer προϲ:toward τον:the θεον:God υπερ:on‑behalf‑of αυτων:them ειϲ:for ϲωτηριαν:salvation (2) μαρτυρω:I‑bear‑witness γαρ:for αυτοιϲ:to‑them οτι:that ζηλον:zeal θεου:of‑God εχουϲιν:they‑have αλλ:but ου:not κατ:according‑to επιγνωϲιν:knowledge (3) αγνοουντεϲ:being‑ignorant γαρ:for την:the του:of‑God θεου:God δικαιοϲυνην:righteousness και:and την:the ιδιαν:their‑own δικαιοϲυνην:righteousness ζητουντεϲ:seeking ϲτηϲαι:to‑establish τη:to‑the δικαιοϲυνη:righteousness του:of‑the θεου:God ουχ:not υπεταγηϲαν:they‑submitted (4) τελοϲ:end γαρ:for νομου:of‑law χριϲτοϲ:Christ ειϲ:unto δικαιοϲυνην:righteousness παντι:to‑every τω:to‑the‑one πιϲτευοντι:believing

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
10:3 δικαιοϲυνην:righteousness [righteousness] – God’s covenant-saving justice, the righteousness from God that Israel did not submit to; the gloss keeps the saving-justice character of the divine verdict.
10:4 τελοϲ:end [end] – The Messiah is the end and goal of the law: the law’s own purpose finds its completion in him, so that everyone who believes receives righteousness.

(5) μωυϲηϲ:Moses γαρ:for γραφει:writes την:the δικαιοϲυνην:righteousness την:the εκ:from του:the νομου:law οτι:that ο:the‑one ποιηϲαϲ:having‑done αυτα:them ανθρωποϲ:a‑man ζηϲεται:will‑live εν:in αυτοιϲ:them (6) η:the δε:but εκ:from πιϲτεωϲ:faith δικαιοϲυνη:righteousness ουτωϲ:thus λεγει:says μη:not ειπηϲ:you‑should‑say εν:in τη:the καρδια:heart ϲου:of‑you τιϲ:who αναβηϲεται:will‑go‑up ειϲ:into τον:the ουρανον:heaven τουτ:this εϲτιν:is χριϲτον:Christ καταγαγειν:to‑bring‑down (7) η:or τιϲ:who καταβηϲεται:will‑go‑down ειϲ:into την:the αβυϲϲον:abyss τουτ:this εϲτιν:is χριϲτον:Christ εκ:from νεκρων:dead αναγαγειν:to‑bring‑up (8) αλλα:but τι:what λεγει:it‑says εγγυϲ:near ϲου:of‑you το:the ρημα:word εϲτιν:is εν:in τω:the ϲτοματι:mouth ϲου:of‑you και:and εν:in τη:the καρδια:heart ϲου:of‑you τουτ:this εϲτιν:is το:the ρημα:word τηϲ:of‑the πιϲτεωϲ:faith ο:which κηρυϲϲομεν:we‑proclaim (9) οτι:that εαν:if ομολογηϲηϲ:you‑confess εν:in τω:the ϲτοματι:mouth ϲου:of‑you κυριον:lord ιηϲουν:Jesus και:and πιϲτευϲηϲ:you‑believe εν:in τη:the καρδια:heart ϲου:of‑you οτι:that ο:the θεοϲ:God αυτον:him ηγειρεν:raised εκ:from νεκρων:dead ϲωθηϲη:you‑will‑be‑saved (10) καρδια:with‑heart γαρ:for πιϲτευεται:it‑is‑believed ειϲ:unto δικαιοϲυνην:righteousness ϲτοματι:with‑mouth δε:but ομολογειται:it‑is‑confessed ειϲ:unto ϲωτηριαν:salvation (11) λεγει:says γαρ:for η:the γραφη:scripture παϲ:every ο:the‑one πιϲτευων:believing επ:upon αυτω:him ου:not καταιϲχυνθηϲεται:will‑be‑put‑to‑shame (12) ου:not γαρ:for εϲτιν:is διαϲτολη:distinction ιουδαιου:of‑Jew τε:and και:and ελληνοϲ:of‑Greek ο:the γαρ:for αυτοϲ:same κυριοϲ:lord παντων:of‑all πλουτων:being‑rich ειϲ:toward πανταϲ:all τουϲ:the‑ones επικαλουμενουϲ:calling‑upon αυτον:him (13) παϲ:every γαρ:for οϲ:who αν:ever επικαλεϲηται:calls‑upon το:the ονομα:name κυριου:of‑lord ϲωθηϲεται:will‑be‑saved

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
10:8 πιϲτεωϲ:faith [faith] – The word of faith is near: the proclaimed message of the new age, received through the allegiance that takes hold of God’s saving word.
10:9 πιϲτευϲηϲ:you‑believe [you-believe] – The two-member confession: Jesus is lord and God raised him from the dead; the allegiance-word names the trust through which salvation comes.
10:10 πιϲτευεται:it‑is‑believed [it-is-believed] – With the heart it is believed unto righteousness; the same allegiance that is confessed with the mouth.

(14) πωϲ:How ουν:then επικαλεϲωνται:will‑they‑call‑upon ειϲ:on ον:whom ουκ:not επιϲτευϲαν:they‑believed πωϲ:how δε:and πιϲτευϲωϲιν:will‑they‑believe ου:whom ουκ:not ηκουϲαν:they‑heard πωϲ:how δε:and ακουϲωϲιν:will‑they‑hear χωριϲ:without κηρυϲϲοντοϲ:one‑proclaiming (15) πωϲ:how δε:and κηρυξωϲιν:will‑they‑proclaim εαν:if μη:not αποϲταλωϲιν:they‑are‑sent καθωϲ:just‑as γεγραπται:it‑has‑been‑written ωϲ:How ωραιοι:beautiful οι:the ποδεϲ:feet των:of‑the ευαγγελιζομενων:proclaiming‑glad‑tidings τα:the αγαθα:good‑things (16) αλλ:But ου:not παντεϲ:all υπηκουϲαν:obeyed τω:the ευαγγελιω:glad‑tidings ηϲαιαϲ:Isaiah γαρ:for λεγει:says κυριε:Lord τιϲ:who επιϲτευϲεν:believed τη:the ακοη:report ημων:of‑us (17) αρα:So η:the πιϲτιϲ:faith εξ:from ακοηϲ:hearing η:the δε:and ακοη:hearing δια:through ρηματοϲ:word χριϲτου:of‑Christ (18) αλλα:But λεγω:I‑say μη:not ουκ:not ηκουϲαν:they‑heard μενουνγε:nevertheless ειϲ:into παϲαν:all την:the γην:earth εξηλθεν:went‑out ο:the φθογγοϲ:sound αυτων:of‑them και:and ειϲ:to τα:the περατα:ends τηϲ:of‑the οικουμενηϲ:inhabited‑world τα:the ρηματα:words αυτων:of‑them (19) αλλα:But λεγω:I‑say μη:not ιϲραηλ:Israel ουκ:not εγνω:knew πρωτοϲ:first μωυϲηϲ:Moses λεγει:says εγω:I παραζηλωϲω:I‑will‑provoke‑to‑jealousy υμαϲ:you επ:by ουκ:not εθνει:nation επ:by εθνει:nation αϲυνετω:foolish παροργιω:I‑will‑provoke‑to‑anger υμαϲ:you (20) ηϲαιαϲ:Isaiah δε:but αποτολμα:dares‑boldly και:and λεγει:says ευρεθην:I‑was‑found εν:by τοιϲ:those εμε:me μη:not ζητουϲιν:seeking εμφανηϲ:manifest εγενομην:I‑became τοιϲ:to‑those εμε:me μη:not επερωτωϲιν:asking‑after (21) προϲ:Toward δε:but τον:the ιϲραηλ:Israel λεγει:He‑says ολην:all την:the ημεραν:day εξεπεταϲα:I‑stretched‑out ταϲ:the χειραϲ:hands μου:of‑Me προϲ:toward λαον:a‑people απειθουντα:disobeying και:and αντιλεγοντα:contradicting

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
10:15 ευαγγελιζομενων:proclaiming‑glad‑tidings [proclaiming-glad-tidings] – The beautiful feet of those who proclaim glad-tidings of good things; the heraldic word keeps the royal announcement of God’s saving action.
10:16 υπηκουϲαν:obeyed [obeyed] – Not all obeyed the glad-tidings; the obedience-word names the allegiance that the proclamation calls forth.
10:16 ευαγγελιω:glad‑tidings [glad-tidings] – The message that demands this allegiance is the royal glad-tidings of God’s saving act.
10:17 πιϲτιϲ:faith [faith] – Faith comes from hearing, and hearing through the word of Christ; the gloss keeps faith as the trusting allegiance that answers the message.
10:21 απειθουντα:disobeying [disobeying] – The outstretched hands toward a disobeying and contradicting people; the gloss names the refusal of allegiance to the message.

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Romans 11

(1) λεγω:I-say ουν:then μη:not απωϲατο:did-He-reject ο:the θεοϲ:God τον:the λαον:people αυτου:of-Him μη:May γενοιτο:it-not-be και:for γαρ:also εγω:I ιϲραηλιτηϲ:an-Israelite ειμι:am εκ:from ϲπερματοϲ:seed αβρααμ:of-Abraham φυληϲ:of-tribe βενιαμιν:Benjamin (2) ουκ:not απωϲατο:did-He-reject ο:the θεοϲ:God τον:the λαον:people αυτου:of-Him ον:whom προεγνω:He-foreknew η:or ουκ:not οιδατε:you-know εν:in ηλια:Elijah τι:what λεγει:says η:the γραφη:scripture ωϲ:how εντυγχανει:intercedes τω:to-the θεω:God κατα:against του:the ιϲραηλ:Israel (3) κυριε:Lord τουϲ:the προφηταϲ:prophets ϲου:of-You απεκτειναν:they-killed τα:the θυϲιαϲτηρια:altars ϲου:of-You κατεϲκαψαν:they-demolished καγω:and-I υπελειφθην:I-was-left μονοϲ:alone και:and ζητουϲιν:they-seek την:the ψυχην:life μου:of-me (4) αλλα:But τι:what λεγει:says αυτω:to-him ο:the χρηματιϲμοϲ:divine-answer κατελιπον:I-left εμαυτω:for-myself επτακιϲχιλιουϲ:seven-thousand ανδραϲ:men οιτινεϲ:who ουκ:not εκαμψαν:bent γονυ:knee τη:to-the βααλ:Baal (5) ουτωϲ:Thus ουν:then και:also εν:in τω:the νυν:present καιρω:time λειμμα:remnant κατ:according-to εκλογην:election χαριτοϲ:of-grace γεγονεν:has-come-to-be (6) ει:If δε:but χαριτι:by-grace ουκετι:no-longer εξ:from εργων:works επει:since η:the χαριϲ:grace ουκετι:no-longer γινεται:becomes χαριϲ:grace (7) τι:What ουν:then ο:that which επιζητει:seeks ιϲραηλ:Israel τουτο:this ουκ:not επετυχεν:obtained η:the δε:but εκλογη:election επετυχεν:obtained οι:the δε:but λοιποι:rest επωρωθηϲαν:were-hardened (8) καθωϲ:just-as γεγραπται:it-has-been-written εδωκεν:gave αυτοιϲ:to-them ο:the θεοϲ:God πνευμα:spirit κατανυξεωϲ:of-stupor οφθαλμουϲ:eyes του:of-the μη:not βλεπειν:to-see και:and ωτα:ears του:of-the μη:not ακουειν:to-hear εωϲ:until τηϲ:the ϲημερον:today ημεραϲ:day (9) και:And δαυιδ:David λεγει:says γενηθητω:let-become η:the τραπεζα:table αυτων:of-them ειϲ:into παγιδα:a-trap και:and ειϲ:into θηραν:a-snare και:and ειϲ:into ϲκανδαλον:a-stumbling-block και:and ειϲ:into ανταποδομα:a-retribution αυτοιϲ:to-them (10) ϲκοτιϲθητωϲαν:Let-be-darkened οι:the οφθαλμοι:eyes αυτων:of-them του:of-the μη:not βλεπειν:to-see και:and τον:the νωτον:back αυτων:of-them δια:through παντοϲ:always ϲυγκαμψον:bend-together

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
11:2 προεγνω:He-foreknew [He-foreknew] – God’s electing knowledge of his people, the same foreknowing that grounds the golden chain of 8:29-30; the gloss names the covenant-love that will not let Israel go.
11:5 λειμμα:remnant [remnant] – The remnant according to the election of grace is the seed of the future fullness, the continuation of God’s saving purpose within Israel.
11:5 εκλογην:election [election] – The divine choosing by grace that constitutes the remnant; the gloss keeps the sovereign act of God’s mercy central.
11:7 εκλογη:election [election] – The election obtained what Israel was seeking; the divine choosing, not human striving, defines the outcome.

(11) λεγω:I-say ουν:then μη:not επταιϲαν:did-they-stumble ινα:in-order-that πεϲωϲιν:they-might-fall μη:May γενοιτο:it-not-be αλλα:but τω:by-the αυτων:their παραπτωματι:trespass η:the ϲωτηρια:salvation τοιϲ:to-the εθνεϲιν:nations ειϲ:for το:the παραζηλωϲαι:to-provoke-to-jealousy αυτουϲ:them (12) ει:If δε:but το:the παραπτωμα:trespass αυτων:of-them πλουτοϲ:riches κοϲμου:of-world και:and το:the ηττημα:defeat αυτων:of-them πλουτοϲ:riches εθνων:of-nations ποϲω:how-much μαλλον:more το:the πληρωμα:fullness αυτων:of-them (13) υμιν:To-you δε:but λεγω:I-say τοιϲ:to-the εθνεϲιν:nations εφ:for οϲον:as-much μεν:indeed ουν:as ειμι:I-am εγω:I εθνων:of-nations αποϲτολοϲ:apostle την:the διακονιαν:service μου:of-me δοξαζω:I-glorify (14) ει:if πωϲ:perhaps παραζηλωϲω:I-will-provoke-to-jealousy μου:my την:the ϲαρκα:flesh και:and ϲωϲω:I-will-save τιναϲ:some εξ:from αυτων:them (15) ει:If γαρ:for η:the αποβολη:rejection αυτων:of-them καταλλαγη:reconciliation κοϲμου:of-world τιϲ:what η:the προϲλημψιϲ:acceptance ει:if μη:not ζωη:life εκ:from νεκρων:dead (16) ει:If δε:but η:the απαρχη:first-fruit αγια:holy και:and το:the φυραμα:lump και:and ει:if η:the ριζα:root αγια:holy και:and οι:the κλαδοι:branches (17) ει:If δε:but τινεϲ:some των:of-the κλαδων:branches εξεκλαϲθηϲαν:were-broken-out ϲυ:you δε:but αγριελαιοϲ:wild-olive ων:being ενεκεντριϲθηϲ:you-were-grafted-in εν:among αυτοιϲ:them και:and ϲυγκοινωνοϲ:co-partaker τηϲ:of-the ριζηϲ:root τηϲ:of-the πιοτητοϲ:richness τηϲ:of-the ελαιαϲ:olive εγενου:you-became (18) μη:Do-not κατακαυχω:boast-against των:the κλαδων:branches ει:if δε:but κατακαυχαϲαι:you-boast-against ου:not ϲυ:you την:the ριζαν:root βαϲταζειϲ:you-carry αλλ:but η:the ριζα:root ϲε:you (19) ερειϲ:You-will-say ουν:then εξεκλαϲθηϲαν:were-broken-out κλαδοι:branches ινα:in-order-that εγω:I εγκεντριϲθω:might-be-grafted-in (20) καλωϲ:Well τη:by-the απιϲτια:unfaithfulness εξεκλαϲθηϲαν:they-were-broken-out ϲυ:you δε:but τη:by-the πιϲτει:faith εϲτηκαϲ:have-stood μη:not υψηλα:high-things φρονει:set-your-mind αλλα:but φοβου:fear (21) ει:For γαρ:if ο:the θεοϲ:God των:the κατα:according-to φυϲιν:nature κλαδων:branches ουκ:not εφειϲατο:spared μη:not πωϲ:perhaps ουδε:neither ϲου:of-you φειϲεται:He-will-spare (22) ιδε:Behold ουν:then χρηϲτοτητα:kindness και:and αποτομιαν:severity θεου:of-God επι:upon μεν:indeed τουϲ:the πεϲονταϲ:fallen αποτομια:severity επι:upon δε:but ϲε:you χρηϲτοτηϲ:kindness θεου:of-God εαν:if επιμενηϲ:you-remain τη:in-the χρηϲτοτητι:kindness επει:otherwise και:also ϲυ:you εκκοπηϲη:you-will-be-cut-out (23) κακεινοι:and-those δε:but εαν:if μη:not επιμενωϲιν:they-remain τη:in-the απιϲτια:unfaithfulness εγκεντριϲθηϲονται:they-will-be-grafted-in δυνατοϲ:able γαρ:for εϲτιν:is ο:the θεοϲ:God παλιν:again εγκεντριϲαι:to-graft-in αυτουϲ:them (24) ει:For γαρ:if ϲυ:you εκ:from τηϲ:the κατα:according-to φυϲιν:nature εξεκοπηϲ:you-were-cut-out αγριελαιου:wild-olive και:and παρα:contrary-to φυϲιν:nature ενεκεντριϲθηϲ:you-were-grafted-in ειϲ:into καλλιελαιον:cultivated-olive ποϲω:how-much μαλλον:more ουτοι:these οι:the κατα:according-to φυϲιν:nature εγκεντριϲθηϲονται:will-be-grafted-in τη:to-the ιδια:own ελαια:olive

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
11:12 πληρωμα:fullness [fullness] – The completion of Israel’s restoration will be even richer than the riches of the world’s reconciliation; the gloss marks the eschatological fullness.
11:20 απιϲτια:unfaithfulness [unfaithfulness] – The broken branches were broken out because of unfaithfulness, the failure of allegiance to God’s promise; the gloss names the relational breach.
11:20 πιϲτει:faith [faith] – The believer stands by faith, the same allegiance that the olive-tree image presupposes.
11:23 απιϲτια:unfaithfulness [unfaithfulness] – If they do not remain in unfaithfulness, they will be grafted in again; the word continues the allegiance-frame of the passage.

(25) ου:Not γαρ:for θελω:I-will υμαϲ:you αγνοειν:to-be-ignorant αδελφοι:brothers το:the μυϲτηριον:mystery τουτο:this ινα:in-order-that μη:not ητε:you-be παρ:by εαυτοιϲ:yourselves φρονιμοι:wise οτι:that πωρωϲιϲ:hardening απο:from μερουϲ:part τω:to-the ιϲραηλ:Israel γεγονεν:has-come-to-be αχρι:until ου:which το:the πληρωμα:fullness των:of-the εθνων:nations ειϲελθη:might-enter (26) και:And ουτωϲ:thus παϲ:all ιϲραηλ:Israel ϲωθηϲεται:will-be-saved καθωϲ:just-as γεγραπται:it-has-been-written ηξει:will-come εκ:from ϲιων:Zion ο:the-one ρυομενοϲ:rescuing αποϲτρεψει:He-will-turn-away αϲεβειαϲ:ungodlinesses απο:from ιακωβ:Jacob (27) και:And αυτη:this αυτοιϲ:to-them η:the παρ:from εμου:Me διαθηκη:covenant οταν:when αφελωμαι:I-might-take-away ταϲ:the αμαρτιαϲ:sins αυτων:of-them (28) κατα:According-to μεν:indeed το:the ευαγγελιον:glad-tidings εχθροι:enemies δι:because-of υμαϲ:you κατα:according-to δε:but την:the εκλογην:election αγαπητοι:beloved δια:because-of τουϲ:the πατεραϲ:fathers (29) αμεταμελητα:irrevocable γαρ:for τα:the χαριϲματα:gracious-gifts και:and η:the κληϲιϲ:calling του:of-the θεου:God (30) ωϲπερ:Just-as γαρ:for υμειϲ:you ποτε:once ηπειθηϲατε:you-disobeyed τω:to-the θεω:God νυν:now δε:but ηλεηθητε:you-were-shown-mercy τη:by-the τουτων:these απειθεια:disobedience (31) ουτωϲ:So και:also ουτοι:these νυν:now ηπειθηϲαν:disobeyed τω:to-the υμετερω:your ελεει:mercy ινα:in-order-that και:also αυτοι:they νυν:now ελεηθωϲιν:might-be-shown-mercy (32) ϲυνεκλειϲεν:He-shut-up-together γαρ:for ο:the θεοϲ:God τουϲ:the πανταϲ:all ειϲ:into απειθειαν:disobedience ινα:in-order-that τουϲ:the πανταϲ:all ελεηϲη:He-might-mercy (33) ω:O βαθοϲ:depth πλουτου:of-riches και:and ϲοφιαϲ:of-wisdom και:and γνωϲεωϲ:of-knowledge θεου:of-God ωϲ:how ανεξεραυνητα:unsearchable τα:the κριματα:judgments αυτου:of-Him και:and ανεξιχνιαϲτοι:unfathomable αι:the οδοι:ways αυτου:of-Him (34) τιϲ:For who γαρ:for εγνω:has-known νουν:mind κυριου:of-Lord η:or τιϲ:who ϲυμβουλοϲ:counselor αυτου:of-Him εγενετο:became (35) η:Or τιϲ:who προεδωκεν:has-given-first αυτω:to-Him και:and ανταποδοθηϲεται:will-be-repaid αυτω:to-Him (36) οτι:For εξ:from αυτου:Him και:and δι:through αυτου:Him και:and ειϲ:for αυτον:Him τα:the παντα:all-things αυτω:to-Him η:the δοξα:glory ειϲ:into τουϲ:the αιωναϲ:ages αμην:amen

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
11:25 πωρωϲιϲ:hardening [hardening] – The hardening is partial and temporary, lasting until the fullness of the nations enters; the gloss keeps the mystery of Israel’s present condition in view.
11:25 πληρωμα:fullness [fullness] – The fullness of the nations is the ingathering that precedes Israel’s salvation; the completion-word ties to the new-age mystery just revealed.
11:26 παϲ:all ιϲραηλ:Israel [all-Israel] – The covenant people as a whole are in view: the mystery concludes in the salvation of all Israel; the gloss keeps the corporate promise intact.
11:28 εκλογην:election [election] – Beloved for the fathers’ sake, chosen by election: the divine choosing continues to define Israel’s standing before God.
11:29 χαριϲματα:gracious-gifts [gracious-gifts] – The gracious-gifts and calling of God are irrevocable; the benefaction-word marks them as given by grace.
11:30 ηπειθηϲατε:you‑disobeyed [you-disobeyed] – The disobedience of the nations was the allegiance-failure that mercy met; the gloss keeps the relational category.
11:32 απειθειαν:disobedience [disobedience] – All have been shut up into disobedience so that mercy may reach all; the gloss preserves the allegiance-frame of the letter’s conclusion.

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Romans 12

(1) παρακαλω:I‑exhort ουν:therefore υμαϲ:you αδελφοι:brothers δια:through των:the οικτιρμων:compassions του:of‑the θεου:God παραϲτηϲαι:to‑present τα:the ϲωματα:bodies υμων:of‑you θυϲιαν:sacrifice ζωϲαν:living αγιαν:holy ευαρεϲτον:well‑pleasing τω:to‑the θεω:God την:the λογικην:rational λατρειαν:cultic‑service υμων:of‑you (2) και:and μη:not ϲυϲχηματιζεϲθε:be‑conformed τω:to‑the αιωνι:age τουτω:this αλλα:but μεταμορφουϲθε:be‑transformed τη:by‑the ανακαινωϲει:renewal του:of‑the νοοϲ:mind ειϲ:for το:the δοκιμαζειν:to‑approve υμαϲ:you τι:what το:the θελημα:will του:of‑the θεου:God το:the αγαθον:good και:and ευαρεϲτον:well‑pleasing και:and τελειον:perfect

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
12:1 λατρειαν:cultic‑service [cultic-service] – The bodily offering is the new-age cultic service of the one God; the sanctuarial word keeps the act concrete: worship rendered in the body itself.

(3) λεγω:I‑say γαρ:for δια:through τηϲ:the χαριτοϲ:grace τηϲ:the δοθειϲηϲ:having‑been‑given μοι:to‑me παντι:to‑every τω:the‑one οντι:being εν:in υμιν:you μη:not υπερφρονειν:to‑think‑beyond παρ:than ο:what δει:it‑is‑necessary φρονειν:to‑think αλλα:but φρονειν:to‑think ειϲ:for το:the ϲωφρονειν:to‑be‑sober‑minded εκαϲτω:to‑each ωϲ:as ο:the θεοϲ:God εμεριϲεν:apportioned μετρον:measure πιϲτεωϲ:of‑faith (4) καθαπερ:just‑as γαρ:for εν:in ενι:one ϲωματι:body πολλα:many μελη:members εχομεν:we‑have τα:the δε:but μελη:members παντα:all ου:not την:the αυτην:same εχει:have πραξιν:function (5) ουτωϲ:so οι:the πολλοι:many εν:one ϲωμα:body εϲμεν:we‑are εν:in χριϲτω:Christ το:the δε:but καθ:according‑to ειϲ:one αλληλων:of‑one‑another μελη:members (6) εχοντεϲ:having δε:but χαριϲματα:gracious‑gifts κατα:according‑to την:the χαριν:grace την:the δοθειϲαν:having‑been‑given ημιν:to‑us διαφορα:different ειτε:whether προφητειαν:prophecy κατα:according‑to την:the αναλογιαν:proportion τηϲ:of‑the πιϲτεωϲ:faith (7) ειτε:whether διακονιαν:service εν:in τη:the διακονια:service ειτε:whether ο:the‑one διδαϲκων:teaching εν:in τη:the διδαϲκαλια:teaching (8) ειτε:whether ο:the‑one παρακαλων:exhorting εν:in τη:the παρακληϲει:exhortation ο:the‑one μεταδιδουϲ:sharing εν:in απλοτητι:sincerity ο:the‑one προιϲταμενοϲ:standing‑before εν:in ϲπουδη:diligence ο:the‑one ελεων:showing‑mercy εν:in ιλαροτητι:cheerfulness

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
12:3 μετρον:measure πιϲτεωϲ:of‑faith [measure of-faith] – Faith as allegiance, the trust that God has apportioned to each; the gloss keeps the loyalty-character of the term.
12:6 χαριϲματα:gracious‑gifts [gracious-gifts] – The manifold enablements are given by grace; the benefaction-gloss keeps them distinct from earned wages.
12:6 τηϲ:of‑the πιϲτεωϲ:faith [of-the faith] – Prophecy is exercised in proportion to the faith given; the allegiance-word marks the shared gift.

(9) η:the αγαπη:love ανυποκριτοϲ:without‑hypocrisy αποϲτυγουντεϲ:abhorring το:the πονηρον:evil κολλωμενοι:clinging τω:to‑the αγαθω:good (10) τη:in‑the φιλαδελφια:brotherly‑love ειϲ:toward αλληλουϲ:one‑another φιλοϲτοργοι:tenderly‑loving τη:in‑the τιμη:honour αλληλουϲ:one‑another προηγουμενοι:going‑before (11) τη:in‑the ϲπουδη:diligence μη:not οκνηροι:slothful τω:in‑the πνευματι:spirit ζεοντεϲ:boiling τω:to‑the κυριω:lord δουλευοντεϲ:serving (12) τη:in‑the ελπιδι:hope χαιροντεϲ:rejoicing τη:in‑the θλιψει:tribulation υπομενοντεϲ:enduring τη:in‑the προϲευχη:prayer προϲκαρτερουντεϲ:being‑devoted (13) ταιϲ:to‑the χρειαιϲ:needs των:of‑the αγιων:holy‑ones κοινωνουντεϲ:sharing την:the φιλοξενιαν:hospitality διωκοντεϲ:pursuing (14) ευλογειτε:bless τουϲ:those διωκονταϲ:persecuting υμαϲ:you ευλογειτε:bless και:and μη:not καταραϲθε:curse (15) χαιρειν:to‑rejoice μετα:with χαιροντων:rejoicing κλαιειν:to‑weep μετα:with κλαιοντων:weeping (16) το:the αυτο:same ειϲ:toward αλληλουϲ:one‑another φρονουντεϲ:thinking μη:not τα:the υψηλα:high‑things φρονουντεϲ:thinking αλλα:but τοιϲ:to‑the ταπεινοιϲ:lowly ϲυναπαγομενοι:being‑carried‑along‑together μη:not γινεϲθε:become φρονιμοι:wise παρ:in εαυτοιϲ:yourselves (17) μηδενι:to‑no‑one κακον:evil αντι:in‑return‑for κακου:evil αποδιδοντεϲ:rendering προνοουμενοι:foreseeing καλα:good‑things ενωπιον:before παντων:all ανθρωπων:men (18) ει:if δυνατον:possible το:the εξ:from υμων:you μετα:with παντων:all ανθρωπων:men ειρηνευοντεϲ:being‑at‑peace (19) μη:not εαυτουϲ:yourselves εκδικουντεϲ:avenging αγαπητοι:beloved αλλα:but δοτε:give τοπον:place τη:to‑the οργη:wrath γεγραπται:it‑has‑been‑written γαρ:for εμοι:to‑Me εκδικηϲιϲ:vengeance εγω:I ανταποδωϲω:will‑repay λεγει:says κυριοϲ:Lord (20) αλλ:but εαν:if πεινα:is‑hungry ο:the εχθροϲ:enemy ϲου:of‑you ψωμιζε:feed αυτον:him εαν:if διψα:is‑thirsty ποτιζε:give‑drink αυτον:him τουτο:this γαρ:for ποιων:doing ανθρακαϲ:coals πυροϲ:of‑fire ϲωρευϲειϲ:you‑will‑pile‑up επι:upon την:the κεφαλην:head αυτου:of‑him (21) μη:not νικω:be‑overcome υπο:by του:the κακου:evil αλλα:but νικα:overcome εν:in τω:the αγαθω:good το:the κακον:evil

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
12:11 τω:in‑the πνευματι:spirit [in spirit] – Lowercased, consistent with the book-wide convention of rendering the spirit as God’s empowering presence, the sphere in which believers serve with zeal.

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Romans 13

(1) παϲα:Every ψυχη:soul εξουϲιαιϲ:to‑authorities υπερεχουϲαιϲ:being‑over υποταϲϲεϲθω:let‑be‑subject ου:not γαρ:for εϲτιν:is εξουϲια:authority ει:if μη:except υπο:by θεου:God αι:those δε:but ουϲαι:existing υπο:by θεου:God τεταγμεναι:having‑been‑ordered ειϲιν:are (2) ωϲτε:So‑that ο:the‑one αντιταϲϲομενοϲ:resisting τη:to‑the εξουϲια:authority τη:the του:of‑God θεου:God διαταγη:order ανθεϲτηκεν:has‑resisted οι:those δε:but ανθεϲτηκοτεϲ:having‑resisted εαυτοιϲ:to‑themselves κριμα:judgment λημψονται:will‑receive (3) οι:the γαρ:for αρχοντεϲ:rulers ουκ:not ειϲιν:are φοβοϲ:fear τω:to‑the αγαθω:good εργω:work αλλα:but τω:to‑the κακω:evil θελειϲ:Do‑you‑wish δε:but μη:not φοβειϲθαι:to‑fear την:the εξουϲιαν:authority το:the αγαθον:good ποιει:do και:and εξειϲ:you‑will‑have επαινον:praise εξ:from αυτηϲ:it (4) θεου:of‑God γαρ:for διακονοϲ:servant εϲτιν:is ϲοι:to‑you ειϲ:for το:the αγαθον:good εαν:if δε:but το:the κακον:evil ποιηϲ:you‑do φοβου:fear ου:not γαρ:for εικη:in‑vain την:the μαχαιραν:sword φορει:he‑carries θεου:of‑God γαρ:for διακονοϲ:servant εϲτιν:is εκδικοϲ:avenger ειϲ:for οργην:wrath τω:to‑the‑one το:the κακον:evil πραϲϲοντι:practicing (5) διο:therefore αναγκη:necessity υποταϲϲεϲθαι:to‑be‑subject ου:not μονον:only δια:because‑of την:the οργην:wrath αλλα:but και:also δια:because‑of την:the ϲυνειδηϲιν:conscience (6) δια:because‑of τουτο:this γαρ:for και:also φορουϲ:taxes τελειτε:you‑pay λειτουργοι:ministers γαρ:for θεου:of‑God ειϲιν:are ειϲ:for αυτο:this τουτο:very προϲκαρτερουντεϲ:being‑devoted (7) αποδοτε:Render παϲιν:to‑all ταϲ:the οφειλαϲ:obligations τω:to‑the‑one τον:the φορον:tax τον:the φορον:tax τω:to‑the‑one το:the τελοϲ:revenue το:the τελοϲ:revenue τω:to‑the‑one τον:the φοβον:fear τον:the φοβον:fear τω:to‑the‑one την:the τιμην:honour την:the τιμην:honour

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
13:6 λειτουργοι:ministers [ministers] – The service-word names those who perform a public sacred task on God’s behalf; the gloss keeps the official and cultic weight of their role.

(8) μηδενι:To‑no‑one μηδεν:nothing οφειλετε:owe ει:except μη:but το:the αλληλουϲ:one‑another αγαπαν:to‑love ο:the‑one γαρ:for αγαπων:loving τον:the ετερον:other νομον:law πεπληρωκεν:has‑fulfilled (9) το:the γαρ:for ου:not μοιχευϲειϲ:you‑shall‑commit‑adultery ου:not φονευϲειϲ:you‑shall‑murder ου:not κλεψειϲ:you‑shall‑steal ουκ:not επιθυμηϲειϲ:you‑shall‑covet και:and ει:if τιϲ:any ετερα:other εντολη:commandment εν:in τω:the λογω:word τουτω:this ανακεφαλαιουται:is‑summed‑up εν:in τω:the αγαπηϲειϲ:you‑shall‑love τον:the πληϲιον:neighbor ϲου:of‑you ωϲ:as ϲεαυτον:yourself (10) η:the αγαπη:love τω:to‑the πληϲιον:neighbor κακον:evil ουκ:not εργαζεται:works πληρωμα:fulfillment ουν:therefore νομου:of‑law η:the αγαπη:love

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
13:10 πληρωμα:fulfillment [fulfillment] – Love is the completion of the law, the goal toward which it was always moving; the gloss names the positive outcome rather than an ending.

(11) και:And τουτο:this ειδοτεϲ:knowing τον:the καιρον:time οτι:that ωρα:hour ηδη:already υμαϲ:you εξ:from υπνου:sleep εγερθηναι:to‑be‑raised νυν:now γαρ:for εγγυτερον:nearer ημων:of‑us η:the ϲωτηρια:salvation η:than οτε:when επιϲτευϲαμεν:we‑believed (12) η:the νυξ:night προεκοψεν:advanced η:the δε:but ημερα:day ηγγικεν:has‑drawn‑near αποθωμεθα:Let‑us‑put‑away ουν:therefore τα:the εργα:works του:of‑the ϲκοτουϲ:darkness ενδυϲωμεθα:let‑us‑put‑on δε:but τα:the οπλα:weapons του:of‑the φωτοϲ:light (13) ωϲ:as εν:in ημερα:day ευϲχημονωϲ:properly περιπατηϲωμεν:let‑us‑walk μη:not κωμοιϲ:carousings και:and μεθαιϲ:drunkennesses μη:not κοιταιϲ:beddings και:and αϲελγειαιϲ:licentiousnesses μη:not εριδι:strife και:and ζηλω:jealousy (14) αλλ:but ενδυϲαϲθε:put‑on τον:the κυριον:lord ιηϲουν:Jesus χριϲτον:Christ και:and τηϲ:of‑the ϲαρκοϲ:flesh προνοιαν:forethought μη:not ποιειϲθε:do‑make ειϲ:for επιθυμιαϲ:desires

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
13:14 ϲαρκοϲ:flesh [flesh] – The old-age condition whose desires are not to be provided for; the gloss marks that sphere rather than the body itself.

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Romans 14

(1) τον:the δε:and αϲθενουντα:being‑weak τη:in‑the πιϲτει:faith προϲλαμβανεϲθε:receive μη:not ειϲ:into διακριϲειϲ:judgments διαλογιϲμων:of‑reasonings (2) οϲ:one μεν:indeed πιϲτευει:believes φαγειν:to‑eat παντα:all‑things ο:the δε:but αϲθενων:being‑weak λαχανα:vegetables εϲθιει:eats (3) ο:the‑one εϲθιων:eating τον:the μη:not εϲθιοντα:eating μη:not εξουθενειτω:let‑despise ο:the‑one δε:but μη:not εϲθιων:eating τον:the εϲθιοντα:eating μη:not κρινετω:let‑judge ο:the θεοϲ:God γαρ:for αυτον:him προϲελαβετο:received (4) ϲυ:you τιϲ:who ει:are ο:the‑one κρινων:judging αλλοτριον:another's οικετην:servant τω:to‑the ιδιω:own κυριω:master ϲτηκει:stands η:or πιπτει:falls ϲταθηϲεται:he‑will‑be‑made‑to‑stand δε:but δυνατει:is‑able γαρ:for ο:the κυριοϲ:lord ϲτηϲαι:to‑make‑stand αυτον:him (5) οϲ:one μεν:indeed γαρ:for κρινει:judges ημεραν:day παρ:beside ημεραν:day οϲ:one δε:but κρινει:judges παϲαν:every ημεραν:day εκαϲτοϲ:each εν:in τω:the ιδιω:own νοι:mind πληροφορειϲθω:let‑be‑fully‑convinced (6) ο:the‑one φρονων:thinking την:the ημεραν:day κυριω:to‑the‑lord φρονει:thinks και:and ο:the‑one εϲθιων:eating κυριω:to‑the‑lord εϲθιει:eats ευχαριϲτει:he‑gives‑thanks γαρ:for τω:to‑the θεω:God και:and ο:the‑one μη:not εϲθιων:eating κυριω:to‑the‑lord ουκ:not εϲθιει:eats και:and ευχαριϲτει:gives‑thanks τω:to‑the θεω:God (7) ουδειϲ:No‑one γαρ:for ημων:of‑us εαυτω:to‑himself ζη:lives και:and ουδειϲ:no‑one εαυτω:to‑himself αποθνηϲκει:dies (8) εαν:if τε:both γαρ:for ζωμεν:we‑live τω:to‑the κυριω:lord ζωμεν:we‑live εαν:if τε:and αποθνηϲκωμεν:we‑die τω:to‑the κυριω:lord αποθνηϲκομεν:we‑die εαν:if τε:both ουν:therefore ζωμεν:we‑live εαν:if τε:and αποθνηϲκωμεν:we‑die του:of‑the κυριου:lord εϲμεν:we‑are (9) ειϲ:for τουτο:this γαρ:for χριϲτοϲ:Christ απεθανεν:died και:and εζηϲεν:lived ινα:in‑order‑that και:also νεκρων:of‑dead και:and ζωντων:of‑living κυριευϲη:he‑might‑be‑lord (10) ϲυ:you δε:but τι:why κρινειϲ:do‑you‑judge τον:the αδελφον:brother ϲου:of‑you η:or και:also ϲυ:you τι:why εξουθενειϲ:do‑you‑despise τον:the αδελφον:brother ϲου:of‑you παντεϲ:all γαρ:for παραϲτηϲομεθα:we‑will‑stand‑beside τω:to‑the βηματι:judgment‑seat του:of‑the θεου:God (11) γεγραπται:it‑has‑been‑written γαρ:for ζω:I‑live εγω:I λεγει:says κυριοϲ:Lord οτι:that εμοι:to‑Me καμψει:will‑bow παν:every γονυ:knee και:and παϲα:every γλωϲϲα:tongue εξομολογηϲεται:will‑confess τω:to‑the θεω:God (12) αρα:So ουν:then εκαϲτοϲ:each ημων:of‑us περι:concerning εαυτου:himself λογον:account δωϲει:will‑give τω:to‑the θεω:God

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
14:1 τη:in‑the πιϲτει:faith [in-the faith] – Faith as allegiance: the one weak in faith is received, not judged; the gloss keeps the loyalty-sense of the term.
14:17 βαϲιλεια:kingdom του:of‑the θεου:God [kingdom of-God] – The sole kingdom-formula in the letter: the new-age reality of God’s saving justice, peace, and joy in holy spirit.
14:17 δικαιοϲυνη:righteousness [righteousness] – God’s covenant-saving justice enacted in community; this righteousness is the kingdom’s substance.
14:17 πνευματι:spirit αγιω:holy [in spirit holy] – Lowercased, consistent with the book-wide convention of rendering the spirit as God’s empowering presence.

(13) μηκετι:No‑longer ουν:therefore αλληλουϲ:one‑another κρινωμεν:let‑us‑judge αλλα:but τουτο:this κρινατε:judge μαλλον:rather το:the μη:not τιθεναι:to‑place προϲκομμα:stumbling‑block τω:to‑the αδελφω:brother η:or ϲκανδαλον:offense (14) οιδα:I‑know και:and πεπειϲμαι:have‑been‑convinced εν:in κυριω:lord ιηϲου:Jesus οτι:that ουδεν:nothing κοινον:common δι:through εαυτου:itself ει:except μη:if τω:to‑the‑one λογιζομενω:reckoning τι:anything κοινον:common ειναι:to‑be εκεινω:to‑that‑one κοινον:common (15) ει:if γαρ:for δια:because‑of βρωμα:food ο:the αδελφοϲ:brother ϲου:of‑you λυπειται:is‑being‑grieved ουκετι:no‑longer κατα:according‑to αγαπην:love περιπατειϲ:you‑walk μη:not τω:by‑the βρωματι:food ϲου:of‑you εκεινον:that‑one απολλυε:destroy υπερ:for ου:whom χριϲτοϲ:Christ απεθανεν:died (16) μη:not βλαϲφημειϲθω:let‑it‑be‑blasphemed ουν:therefore υμων:of‑you το:the αγαθον:good (17) ου:not γαρ:for εϲτιν:is η:the βαϲιλεια:kingdom του:of‑the θεου:God βρωϲιϲ:eating και:and ποϲιϲ:drinking αλλα:but δικαιοϲυνη:righteousness και:and ειρηνη:peace και:and χαρα:joy εν:in πνευματι:spirit αγιω:holy (18) ο:the‑one γαρ:for εν:in τουτω:this δουλευων:serving τω:to‑the χριϲτω:Christ ευαρεϲτοϲ:well‑pleasing τω:to‑the θεω:God και:and δοκιμοϲ:approved τοιϲ:by‑the ανθρωποιϲ:men (19) αρα:So ουν:therefore τα:the‑things τηϲ:of‑the ειρηνηϲ:peace διωκωμεν:let‑us‑pursue και:and τα:the‑things τηϲ:of‑the οικοδομηϲ:building‑up τηϲ:the ειϲ:for αλληλουϲ:one‑another (20) μη:Not ενεκεν:for‑the‑sake‑of βρωματοϲ:food καταλυε:tear‑down το:the εργον:work του:of‑the θεου:God παντα:all‑things μεν:indeed καθαρα:clean αλλα:but κακον:evil τω:to‑the ανθρωπω:man τω:the‑one δια:through προϲκομματοϲ:stumbling‑block εϲθιοντι:eating (21) καλον:good το:the μη:not φαγειν:to‑eat κρεα:meats μηδε:nor πιειν:to‑drink οινον:wine μηδε:nor εν:in ω:which ο:the αδελφοϲ:brother ϲου:of‑you προϲκοπτει:stumbles (22) ϲυ:you πιϲτιν:faith ην:which εχειϲ:you‑have κατα:according‑to ϲεαυτον:yourself εχε:have ενωπιον:before του:the θεου:God μακαριοϲ:blessed ο:the‑one μη:not κρινων:judging εαυτον:himself εν:in ω:what δοκιμαζει:he‑approves (23) ο:the‑one δε:but διακρινομενοϲ:doubting εαν:if φαγη:he‑eats κατακεκριται:has‑been‑condemned οτι:because ουκ:not εκ:from πιϲτεωϲ:faith παν:all δε:but ο:what ουκ:not εκ:from πιϲτεωϲ:faith αμαρτια:sin εϲτιν:is

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
14:22 πιϲτιν:faith [faith] – The faith one holds before God; the allegiance-word continues the chapter’s frame.
14:23 εκ:from πιϲτεωϲ:faith [from faith] – What is not from faith is sin: the loyalty-frame concludes the chapter, and acting from faith is the standard.

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Romans 15

(1) οφειλομεν:we‑owe δε:but ημειϲ:we οι:the δυνατοι:strong‑ones τα:the αϲθενηματα:weaknesses των:of‑the αδυνατων:unable‑ones βαϲταζειν:to‑carry και:and μη:not εαυτοιϲ:to‑themselves αρεϲκειν:to‑please (2) εκαϲτοϲ:each ημων:of‑us τω:to‑the πληϲιον:neighbor αρεϲκετω:let‑please ειϲ:for το:the αγαθον:good προϲ:toward οικοδομην:building‑up (3) και:and γαρ:for ο:the χριϲτοϲ:Christ ουχ:not εαυτω:himself ηρεϲεν:pleased αλλα:but καθωϲ:just‑as γεγραπται:it‑has‑been‑written οι:the ονειδιϲμοι:reproaches των:of‑those ονειδιζοντων:reproaching ϲε:You επεπεϲαν:fell‑upon επ:upon εμε:me (4) οϲα:as‑many‑as γαρ:for προεγραφη:were‑written‑beforehand ειϲ:for την:the ημετεραν:our διδαϲκαλιαν:instruction εγραφη:were‑written ινα:in‑order‑that δια:through τηϲ:the υπομονηϲ:endurance και:and δια:through τηϲ:the παρακληϲεωϲ:encouragement των:of‑the γραφων:scriptures την:the ελπιδα:hope εχωμεν:we‑might‑have (5) ο:the δε:but θεοϲ:God τηϲ:of‑the υπομονηϲ:endurance και:and τηϲ:of‑the παρακληϲεωϲ:encouragement δωη:may‑He‑give υμιν:to‑you το:the αυτο:same φρονειν:to‑think εν:among αλληλοιϲ:one‑another κατα:according‑to χριϲτον:Christ ιηϲουν:Jesus (6) ινα:in‑order‑that ομοθυμαδον:with‑one‑accord εν:with ενι:one ϲτοματι:mouth δοξαζητε:you‑might‑glorify τον:the θεον:God και:and πατερα:Father του:of‑the κυριου:lord ημων:our ιηϲου:Jesus χριϲτου:Christ

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
15:4 διδαϲκαλιαν:instruction [instruction] – The book-wide distinction between teaching and instruction: these scriptures were written for our instruction, that through endurance and encouragement we might have hope.

(7) διο:therefore προϲλαμβανεϲθε:receive αλληλουϲ:one‑another καθωϲ:just‑as και:also ο:the χριϲτοϲ:Christ προϲελαβετο:received υμαϲ:you ειϲ:for δοξαν:glory του:of‑the θεου:God (8) λεγω:I‑say γαρ:for χριϲτον:Christ διακονον:servant γεγενηϲθαι:to‑have‑become περιτομηϲ:of‑circumcision υπερ:for αληθειαϲ:truth θεου:of‑God ειϲ:for το:the βεβαιωϲαι:to‑confirm ταϲ:the επαγγελιαϲ:promises των:of‑the πατερων:fathers (9) τα:the δε:but εθνη:nations υπερ:for ελεουϲ:mercy δοξαϲαι:to‑glorify τον:the θεον:God καθωϲ:just‑as γεγραπται:it‑has‑been‑written δια:because‑of τουτο:this εξομολογηϲομαι:I‑will‑confess ϲοι:to‑You εν:among εθνεϲιν:nations και:and τω:to‑the ονοματι:name ϲου:of‑You ψαλω:I‑will‑sing‑praise (10) και:and παλιν:again λεγει:it‑says ευφρανθητε:Rejoice εθνη:nations μετα:with του:the λαου:people αυτου:of‑Him (11) και:and παλιν:again αινειτε:Praise παντα:all τα:the εθνη:nations τον:the κυριον:Lord και:and επαινεϲατωϲαν:let‑praise αυτον:Him παντεϲ:all οι:the λαοι:peoples (12) και:and παλιν:again ηϲαιαϲ:Isaiah λεγει:says εϲται:will‑be η:the ριζα:root του:of‑the ιεϲϲαι:of‑Jesse και:and ο:the‑one ανιϲταμενοϲ:arising αρχειν:to‑rule εθνων:of‑nations επ:on αυτω:him εθνη:nations ελπιουϲιν:will‑hope (13) ο:the δε:but θεοϲ:God τηϲ:of‑the ελπιδοϲ:hope πληρωϲαι:may‑He‑fill υμαϲ:you παϲηϲ:with‑all χαραϲ:joy και:and ειρηνηϲ:peace εν:in τω:the πιϲτευειν:believing ειϲ:for το:the περιϲϲευειν:to‑abound υμαϲ:you εν:in τη:the ελπιδι:hope εν:in δυναμει:power πνευματοϲ:of‑spirit αγιου:holy

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
15:8 διακονον:servant [servant] – The Messiah’s servant-role is functional and delegated: he confirms God’s truth and the fathers’ promises, bearing the authority of the one who sent him.
15:13 πνευματοϲ:of‑spirit αγιου:holy [of-spirit holy] – Lowercased, consistent with the book-wide convention of rendering the spirit as God’s empowering presence, the power in which hope abounds.

(14) πεπειϲμαι:I‑have‑been‑convinced δε:but αδελφοι:brothers μου:of‑me και:also αυτοϲ:myself εγω:I περι:concerning υμων:you οτι:that και:also αυτοι:yourselves μεϲτοι:full εϲτε:are αγαθωϲυνηϲ:of‑goodness πεπληρωμενοι:having‑been‑filled παϲηϲ:with‑all τηϲ:the γνωϲεωϲ:knowledge δυναμενοι:being‑able και:also αλληλουϲ:one‑another νουθετειν:to‑admonish (15) τολμηροτερον:more‑boldly δε:but εγραψα:I‑wrote υμιν:to‑you απο:in μερουϲ:part ωϲ:as επαναμιμνηϲκων:recalling υμαϲ:to‑you δια:because‑of την:the χαριν:grace την:the δοθειϲαν:having‑been‑given μοι:to‑me υπο:by του:the θεου:God (16) ειϲ:for το:the ειναι:to‑be με:me λειτουργον:minister χριϲτου:of‑Christ ιηϲου:Jesus ειϲ:to τα:the εθνη:nations ιερουργουντα:ministering‑as‑a‑priest το:the ευαγγελιον:glad‑tidings του:of‑the θεου:God ινα:in‑order‑that γενηται:might‑become η:the προϲφορα:offering των:of‑the εθνων:nations ευπροϲδεκτοϲ:acceptable ηγιαϲμενη:having‑been‑sanctified εν:in πνευματι:spirit αγιω:holy (17) εχω:I‑have ουν:therefore την:the καυχηϲιν:boasting εν:in χριϲτω:Christ ιηϲου:Jesus τα:the‑things προϲ:toward τον:the θεον:God (18) ου:not γαρ:for τολμηϲω:I‑will‑dare τι:anything λαλειν:to‑speak ων:of‑which ου:not κατειργαϲατο:worked‑out χριϲτοϲ:Christ δι:through εμου:me ειϲ:for υπακοην:obedience εθνων:of‑nations λογω:in‑word και:and εργω:in‑work (19) εν:in δυναμει:power ϲημειων:of‑signs και:and τερατων:of‑wonders εν:in δυναμει:power πνευματοϲ:of‑spirit θεου:of‑God ωϲτε:so‑that με:me απο:from ιερουϲαλημ:Jerusalem και:and κυκλω:around μεχρι:as‑far‑as του:the ιλλυρικου:Illyricum πεπληρωκεναι:to‑have‑filled‑up το:the ευαγγελιον:glad‑tidings του:of‑the χριϲτου:Christ (20) ουτωϲ:thus δε:but φιλοτιμουμενον:being‑ambitious ευαγγελιζεϲθαι:to‑proclaim‑glad‑tidings ουχ:not οπου:where ωνομαϲθη:was‑named χριϲτοϲ:Christ ινα:in‑order‑that μη:not επ:upon αλλοτριον:another's θεμελιον:foundation οικοδομω:I‑might‑build (21) αλλα:but καθωϲ:just‑as γεγραπται:it‑has‑been‑written οιϲ:to‑those ουκ:not ανηγγελη:was‑announced περι:about αυτου:him οψονται:they‑will‑see και:and οι:those ουκ:not ακηκοαϲιν:have‑heard ϲυνηϲουϲιν:they‑will‑understand

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
15:16 λειτουργον:minister [minister] – The public-service word is retained: Paul is a minister of Christ Jesus in the sacred task of the glad-tidings.
15:16 ιερουργουντα:ministering‑as‑a‑priest [ministering-as-a-priest] – The cultic-transference image is kept concrete: Paul serves as priest-minister of the glad-tidings, and the nations become the offering.
15:16 προϲφορα:offering [offering] – The cultic word names the nations themselves as the acceptable offering, sanctified in holy spirit.
15:19 πνευματοϲ:of‑spirit [of-spirit] – Lowercased, consistent with the book-wide convention of rendering the spirit as God’s empowering presence, the sphere of signs and wonders.
15:20 θεμελιον:foundation [foundation] – The apostolic mission-order: Paul builds on ground where Christ has not yet been named; the gloss keeps the building-image of the assembly’s founding.

(22) διο:therefore και:also ενεκοπτομην:I‑was‑being‑hindered τα:the πολλα:many‑times του:of‑the ελθειν:to‑come προϲ:to υμαϲ:you (23) νυνι:but‑now δε:but μηκετι:no‑longer τοπον:place εχων:having εν:in τοιϲ:the κλιμαϲιν:regions τουτοιϲ:these επιποθιαν:longing δε:but εχων:having του:of‑the ελθειν:to‑come προϲ:to υμαϲ:you απο:from πολλων:many ετων:years (24) ωϲ:whenever αν:ever πορευωμαι:I‑might‑travel ειϲ:to την:the ϲπανιαν:Spain ελπιζω:I‑hope γαρ:for διαπορευομενοϲ:passing‑through θεαϲαϲθαι:to‑behold υμαϲ:you και:and υφ:by υμων:you προπεμφθηναι:to‑be‑sent‑forward εκει:there εαν:if υμων:of‑you πρωτον:first απο:in μερουϲ:part εμπληϲθω:I‑might‑be‑filled (25) νυνι:but‑now δε:but πορευομαι:I‑am‑going ειϲ:to ιερουϲαλημ:Jerusalem διακονων:serving τοιϲ:the αγιοιϲ:holy‑ones (26) ευδοκηϲαν:were‑pleased γαρ:for μακεδονια:Macedonia και:and αχαια:Achaia κοινωνιαν:sharing τινα:some ποιηϲαϲθαι:to‑make ειϲ:for τουϲ:the πτωχουϲ:poor των:of‑the αγιων:holy‑ones των:of‑those εν:in ιερουϲαλημ:Jerusalem (27) ευδοκηϲαν:they‑were‑pleased γαρ:for και:also οφειλεται:debtors ειϲιν:they‑are αυτων:of‑them ει:if γαρ:for τοιϲ:in‑the πνευματικοιϲ:spiritual‑things αυτων:of‑them εκοινωνηϲαν:they‑shared τα:the εθνη:nations οφειλουϲιν:they‑owe και:also εν:in τοιϲ:the ϲαρκικοιϲ:fleshy‑things λειτουργηϲαι:to‑minister αυτοιϲ:to‑them (28) τουτο:this ουν:therefore επιτελεϲαϲ:having‑completed και:and ϲφραγιϲαμενοϲ:having‑sealed αυτοιϲ:to‑them τον:the καρπον:fruit τουτον:this απελευϲομαι:I‑will‑go δι:through υμων:you ειϲ:to ϲπανιαν:Spain (29) οιδα:I‑know δε:but οτι:that ερχομενοϲ:coming προϲ:to υμαϲ:you εν:in πληρωματι:fullness ευλογιαϲ:of‑blessing χριϲτου:of‑Christ ελευϲομαι:I‑will‑come (30) παρακαλω:I‑exhort δε:but υμαϲ:you αδελφοι:brothers δια:through του:the κυριου:lord ημων:our ιηϲου:Jesus χριϲτου:Christ και:and δια:through τηϲ:the αγαπηϲ:love του:of‑the πνευματοϲ:spirit ϲυναγωνιϲαϲθαι:to‑strive‑together‑with μοι:me εν:in ταιϲ:the προϲευχαιϲ:prayers υπερ:on‑behalf‑of εμου:me προϲ:toward τον:the θεον:God (31) ινα:in‑order‑that ρυϲθω:I‑might‑be‑rescued απο:from των:those απειθουντων:disobeying εν:in τη:the ιουδαια:Judea και:and η:the διακονια:service μου:of‑me η:the‑one ειϲ:for ιερουϲαλημ:Jerusalem ευπροϲδεκτοϲ:acceptable τοιϲ:to‑the αγιοιϲ:holy‑ones γενηται:might‑become (32) ινα:in‑order‑that εν:in χαρα:joy ελθων:having‑come προϲ:to υμαϲ:you δια:through θεληματοϲ:will θεου:of‑God ϲυναναπαυϲωμαι:I‑might‑rest‑together υμιν:with‑you (33) ο:the δε:but θεοϲ:God τηϲ:of‑the ειρηνηϲ:peace μετα:with παντων:all υμων:of‑you αμην:amen

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
15:27 λειτουργηϲαι:to‑minister [to-minister] – The nations owe it to Jerusalem’s holy-ones to minister to them in material things; the service-word keeps the sacred-obligation frame.
15:30 ϲυναγωνιϲαϲθαι:to‑strive‑together‑with [to-strive-together-with] – The co-compound names the shared struggle of prayer: the assembly strives together with Paul in the gospel cause.

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Romans 16

(1) ϲυνιϲτημι:commend δε:and υμιν:to-you φοιβην:Phoebe την:the αδελφην:sister ημων:of-us ουϲαν:being και:and διακονον:servant τηϲ:of-the εκκληϲιαϲ:assembly τηϲ:the εν:in κεγχρεαιϲ:Cenchreae (2) ινα:that αυτην:her προϲδεξηϲθε:you-may-receive εν:in κυριω:lord αξιωϲ:worthily των:of-the αγιων:holy-ones και:and παραϲτητε:you-may-stand-by αυτη:her εν:in ω:whatever αν:may υμων:of-you χρηζη:needs πραγματι:matter και:and γαρ:for αυτη:she προϲτατιϲ:patron πολλων:of-many εγενηθη:became και:and εμου:of-me αυτου:myself (3) αϲπαϲαϲθε:greet πριϲκαν:Prisca και:and ακυλαν:Aquila τουϲ:the ϲυνεργουϲ:fellow-workers μου:of-me εν:in χριϲτω:Christ ιηϲου:Jesus (4) οιτινεϲ:who υπερ:for τηϲ:the ψυχηϲ:life μου:of-me τον:the εαυτων:their-own τραχηλον:neck υπεθηκαν:laid-down οιϲ:for-whom ουκ:not εγω:I μονοϲ:alone ευχαριϲτω:give-thanks αλλα:but και:also παϲαι:all αι:the εκκληϲιαι:assemblies των:of-the εθνων:nations (5) και:and την:the κατ:at οικον:house αυτων:of-them εκκληϲιαν:assembly αϲπαϲαϲθε:greet επαινετον:Epaenetus τον:the αγαπητον:beloved μου:of-me οϲ:who εϲτιν:is απαρχη:first-fruit τηϲ:of-the αϲιαϲ:Asia ειϲ:for χριϲτον:Christ (6) αϲπαϲαϲθε:greet μαριαν:Mary ητιϲ:who πολλα:many-things εκοπιαϲεν:labored ειϲ:for υμαϲ:you (7) αϲπαϲαϲθε:greet ανδρονικον:Andronicus και:and ιουνιαν:Junia τουϲ:the ϲυγγενειϲ:kinsmen μου:of-me και:and ϲυναιχμαλωτουϲ:co-captives μου:of-me οιτινεϲ:who ειϲιν:are επιϲημοι:notable εν:among τοιϲ:the αποϲτολοιϲ:apostles οι:who και:also προ:before εμου:me γεγοναν:have-come-to-be εν:in χριϲτω:Christ (8) αϲπαϲαϲθε:greet αμπλιατον:Ampliatus τον:the αγαπητον:beloved μου:of-me εν:in κυριω:lord (9) αϲπαϲαϲθε:greet ουρβανον:Urbanus τον:the ϲυνεργον:fellow-worker ημων:of-us εν:in χριϲτω:Christ και:and ϲταχυν:Stachys τον:the αγαπητον:beloved μου:of-me (10) αϲπαϲαϲθε:greet απελλην:Apelles τον:the δοκιμον:approved εν:in χριϲτω:Christ αϲπαϲαϲθε:greet τουϲ:those εκ:of των:the αριϲτοβουλου:Aristobulus (11) αϲπαϲαϲθε:greet ηρωδιωνα:Herodion τον:the ϲυγγενη:kinsman μου:of-me αϲπαϲαϲθε:greet τουϲ:those εκ:of των:the ναρκιϲϲου:Narcissus τουϲ:the ονταϲ:being εν:in κυριω:lord (12) αϲπαϲαϲθε:greet τρυφαιναν:Tryphaena και:and τρυφωϲαν:Tryphosa ταϲ:the κοπιωϲαϲ:laboring εν:in κυριω:lord αϲπαϲαϲθε:greet περϲιδα:Persis την:the αγαπητην:beloved ητιϲ:who πολλα:many-things εκοπιαϲεν:labored εν:in κυριω:lord (13) αϲπαϲαϲθε:greet ρουφον:Rufus τον:the εκλεκτον:elect εν:in κυριω:lord και:and την:the μητερα:mother αυτου:of-him και:and εμου:of-me (14) αϲπαϲαϲθε:greet αϲυγκριτον:Asyncritus φλεγοντα:Phlegon ερμην:Hermes πατροβαν:Patrobas ερμαν:Hermas και:and τουϲ:the ϲυν:with αυτοιϲ:them αδελφουϲ:brothers (15) αϲπαϲαϲθε:greet φιλολογον:Philologus και:and ιουλιαν:Julia νηρεα:Nereus και:and την:the αδελφην:sister αυτου:of-him και:and ολυμπαν:Olympas και:and τουϲ:the ϲυν:with αυτοιϲ:them πανταϲ:all αγιουϲ:holy-ones (16) αϲπαϲαϲθε:greet αλληλουϲ:one-another εν:in φιληματι:kiss αγιω:holy αϲπαζονται:greet υμαϲ:you αι:the εκκληϲιαι:assemblies παϲαι:all του:of-the χριϲτου:Christ

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
16:1 εκκληϲιαϲ:assembly [assembly] – The historically neutral word is used throughout: the assembly in Cenchreae is a local gathering of the believers, not an institution imported from later centuries.
16:4 εκκληϲιαι:assemblies [assemblies] – All the assemblies of the nations give thanks for Prisca and Aquila; the gloss keeps the network of local gatherings in view.
16:5 εκκληϲιαν:assembly [assembly] – The assembly in their house is the household gathering; the gloss keeps its concrete, local character.
16:16 εκκληϲιαι:assemblies [assemblies] – All the assemblies of Christ greet the Roman believers; the word closes the greeting-list with the same neutral, local sense.

(17) παρακαλω:I-exhort δε:but υμαϲ:you αδελφοι:brothers ϲκοπειν:to-watch-out τουϲ:those ταϲ:the διχοϲταϲιαϲ:divisions και:and τα:the ϲκανδαλα:offenses παρα:contrary-to την:the διδαχην:teaching ην:which υμειϲ:you εμαθετε:learned ποιουνταϲ:making και:and εκκλινετε:turn-away απ:from αυτων:them (18) οι:the-ones γαρ:for τοιουτοι:such τω:to-the κυριω:lord ημων:of-us χριϲτω:Christ ου:not δουλευουϲιν:serve αλλα:but τη:to-the εαυτων:their-own κοιλια:belly και:and δια:through τηϲ:the χρηϲτολογιαϲ:smooth-speech και:and ευλογιαϲ:blessing-talk εξαπατωϲιν:deceive ταϲ:the καρδιαϲ:hearts των:of-the ακακων:innocent-ones (19) η:The γαρ:for υμων:of-you υπακοη:obedience ειϲ:to πανταϲ:all αφικετο:has-reached εφ:over υμιν:you ουν:therefore χαιρω:I-rejoice θελω:I-wish δε:but υμαϲ:you ϲοφουϲ:wise ειναι:to-be ειϲ:for το:the αγαθον:good ακεραιουϲ:innocent δε:but ειϲ:for το:the κακον:evil (20) ο:The δε:but θεοϲ:God τηϲ:of-the ειρηνηϲ:peace ϲυντριψει:will-crush τον:the ϲαταναν:Adversary υπο:under τουϲ:the ποδαϲ:feet υμων:of-you εν:in ταχει:quickly η:the χαριϲ:grace του:of-the κυριου:lord ημων:of-us ιηϲου:Jesus μεθ:with υμων:you

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
16:17 διδαχην:teaching [teaching] – The teaching the believers learned is the apostolic pattern of 6:17; the gloss distinguishes doctrine delivered from the divisive “blessing-talk” of the false teachers.
16:20 ϲαταναν:Adversary [Adversary] – The enemy is named by his role: the adversary who opposes God’s people; the God of peace will crush him under their feet, completing the overcoming-chain of the letter.

(21) αϲπαζεται:greets υμαϲ:you τιμοθεοϲ:Timothy ο:the ϲυνεργοϲ:fellow-worker μου:of-me και:and λουκιοϲ:Lucius και:and ιαϲων:Jason και:and ϲωϲιπατροϲ:Sosipater οι:the ϲυγγενειϲ:kinsmen μου:of-me (22) αϲπαζομαι:I-greet υμαϲ:you εγω:I τερτιοϲ:Tertius ο:the γραψαϲ:having-written την:the επιϲτολην:letter εν:in κυριω:lord (23) αϲπαζεται:greets υμαϲ:you γαιοϲ:Gaius ο:the ξενοϲ:host μου:of-me και:and οληϲ:of-whole τηϲ:the εκκληϲιαϲ:assembly αϲπαζεται:greets υμαϲ:you εραϲτοϲ:Erastus ο:the οικονομοϲ:steward τηϲ:of-the πολεωϲ:city και:and κουαρτοϲ:Quartus ο:the αδελφοϲ:brother

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
16:23 εκκληϲιαϲ:assembly [assembly] – Gaius is host of the whole assembly; the word keeps its concrete, local sense as the gathered community.

(25) τω:to-the δε:but δυναμενω:being-able υμαϲ:you ϲτηριξαι:to-establish κατα:according-to το:the ευαγγελιον:glad-tidings μου:of-me και:and το:the κηρυγμα:proclamation ιηϲου:of-Jesus χριϲτου:Christ κατα:according-to αποκαλυψιν:revelation μυϲτηριου:of-mystery χρονοιϲ:in-times αιωνιοιϲ:eternal ϲεϲιγημενου:having-been-kept-silent (26) φανερωθεντοϲ:having-been-manifested δε:but νυν:now δια:through τε:both γραφων:writings προφητικων:prophetic κατ:according-to επιταγην:command του:of-the αιωνιου:eternal θεου:God ειϲ:for υπακοην:obedience πιϲτεωϲ:of-faith ειϲ:to παντα:all τα:the εθνη:nations γνωριϲθεντοϲ:having-been-made-known (27) μονω:to-only ϲοφω:wise θεω:God δια:through ιηϲου:Jesus χριϲτου:Christ ω:to-Whom η:the δοξα:glory ειϲ:into τουϲ:the αιωναϲ:ages αμην:amen

Lexical Decisions:

Verse Greek → English Decision Comments
16:25 ευαγγελιον:glad-tidings [glad-tidings] – The letter closes as it opened: with the glad-tidings of God about his son, the royal announcement that Paul serves.
16:25 κηρυγμα:proclamation [proclamation] – The public herald’s declaration of Jesus Christ; the proclamation-word carries the weight of the apostolic announcement.
16:26 υπακοην:obedience πιϲτεωϲ:of-faith [obedience of-faith] – The letter’s great inclusio is sealed: the mystery is made known to all nations for the obedience of faith, exactly as the opening announced (1:5).

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